{"id":14367,"date":"2013-06-27T21:25:37","date_gmt":"2013-06-27T21:25:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14367"},"modified":"2025-02-04T18:13:30","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T18:13:30","slug":"world-war-i-in-us-popular-culture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14367","title":{"rendered":"World War I in U.S. Popular Culture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the Great War began in Europe in 1914, few Americans believed the United States should get involved. President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation of neutrality, urging Americans to remain \u201cimpartial in thought as well as in action,\u201d and worked to resolve the conflict through diplomacy. This policy proved impossible to maintain. Britain was one of America\u2019s closest trading partners and Germany\u2019s effort to shut down Allied ships soon affected the United States. One-hundred-twenty-eight Americans died when German U-boats sank the British passenger ship <em>Lusitania<\/em> in May 1915, and public sentiment began to shift in favor of U.S. involvement. As the presidential election of 1916 approached, Wilson emphasized \u201cpreparedness\u201d in speeches and parades designed to show that he and the nation were not timid, but ready for war, if necessary. At the same time, Wilson campaigned and won the election under the slogan \u201cHe Kept Us Out of War.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>While World War I was not fought on U.S. soil, it had an enormous social and cultural impact on the nation.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But by the spring of 1917, the Allies were running low on money and supplies, and Allied troops had been decimated. In March, German U-boats sunk four American merchant ships. On April 6, 1917, the United States formally declared war and, a year and a half later, secured the Allied victory. Ten million soldiers (including 50,000 Americans) and nearly seven million civilians had lost their lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While World War I was not fought on U.S. soil, it had an enormous social and cultural impact on the nation. President Wilson made a concerted effort to maintain public support for his policies through propaganda as well as legal prosecution. Americans participated in countless parades and commemorative events to demonstrate, first, preparedness, then support for the war. In April 1917 his administration formed the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and hired writers and speakers to promote the war effort throughout the country. People who opposed the war, such as reformer Jane Addams and Senator Robert La Follette, were subject to public ridicule. With the passage of the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918), critics of the war effort became subject to fines and jail sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following collection of documents explores U.S. popular\u2014and, especially, visual\u2014culture during World War I. These sources were not produced by the government. Rather, they demonstrate how extensively private companies, organizations, and individuals embraced the war effort. Atlases, cartoons, advertisements, and sheet music all expressed support for the war with remarkable consistency and reinforced the government\u2019s messages. One exception was the socialist magazine the Masses, which provides dissenting voices among the documents below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Please consider the following questions as you review the documents<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did popular publications encourage Americans to support the war effort?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did artists, advertisers, and mapmakers visually represent the war to the American public? What patterns or conventions do you notice in these images of soldiers? What ideals of masculinity and national identity do they express?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What criticisms of the government and, specifically, the war effort did dissenters voice? How did dissenting artists parody or otherwise subvert pro-war propaganda?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping the War <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two maps below offer very different perspectives on the infamous Western Front. The term <em>Western Front<\/em> refers to the combat zone where Germany, on the east, met Allied troops from the west. Germany opened the Western Front by invading Belgium and then France in August 1914. The front was marked by a line of trenches stretching from the North Sea through Belgium, northeastern France, and Alsace-Lorraine to the Swiss-French border. Though the front was the site of several major military offenses and a great deal of human suffering, it moved very little until 1918. That spring, Germany succeeded in pushing the front 60 miles west, within shelling range of Paris. In the summer and fall of 1918, the Allied counteroffensive along the Western Front led to Germany\u2019s surrender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_71419\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"787\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1024x787.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17983\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1024x787.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-scaled-600x461.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-768x590.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1536x1181.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-2048x1574.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_71419\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arthur Guy Empey, <em>&#8220;Over the Top,&#8221;<\/em> &#8220;Diagram Illustrating Typical Fire Trench&#8221; (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The map above offers a soldier\u2019s perspective on the front line. Arthur Guy Empey was a 32-year-old recruiting sergeant in the U.S. Army in 1915, when he became disgusted with the American policy of neutrality in the war. He traveled to England to enlist in the British army and served with the British in France until he was wounded at the beginning of the Battle of the Somme. (This battle was one of the bloodiest during the war. It took place along the river Somme from July to November 1916 and resulted in an estimated one million casualties. The Germans retreated from the Somme in early 1917, falling back 40 miles to the Hindenburg Line.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After his return to the United States, Empey published an account of his war experiences that became enormously popular. He went on to write and star in a film based on the book and to tour the United States, promoting the war effort and helping to shift public sentiment away from neutrality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_71419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Arthur Guy Empey, <em>Over the Top<\/em>, title page, frontispiece, and map (1917).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"671\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13325\" data-id=\"13325\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis-671x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis-671x1024.jpg 671w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis-300x458.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis-600x915.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis-768x1171.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis-1007x1536.jpg 1007w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis-1343x2048.jpg 1343w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Empey-Over-the-top-frontis.jpg 1677w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Arthur Guy Empey, &#8220;Over the Top,&#8221; frontispiece (1917)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"666\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17984\" data-id=\"17984\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title-666x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title-666x1024.jpg 666w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title-300x461.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title-600x922.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title-195x300.jpg 195w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title-768x1181.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title-999x1536.jpg 999w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title-1332x2048.jpg 1332w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-title.jpg 1653w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Arthur Guy Empey, &#8220;Over the Top,&#8221; title page (1917)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"787\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17983\" data-id=\"17983\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1024x787.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1024x787.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-scaled-600x461.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-768x590.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1536x1181.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-2048x1574.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Arthur Guy Empey, &#8220;Over the Top,&#8221; &#8220;Diagram Illustrating Typical Fire Trench&#8221; (1917)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second document below is an atlas published in Chicago in 1918 at the close of the war. It offers an early history of the war from a victorious, American perspective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_824873\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Geographical Publishing Company, <em>Americans Over the Top<\/em>, cover and map (1918).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"718\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13326\" data-id=\"13326\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-718x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-718x1024.jpg 718w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-scaled-300x428.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-scaled-600x855.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-768x1095.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-1077x1536.jpg 1077w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-1436x2048.jpg 1436w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Americans-over-the-top-cover-scaled.jpg 1796w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Geographical Publishing Company, Americans Over the Top, cover (1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17977\" data-id=\"17977\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-733x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-scaled-300x419.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-scaled-600x838.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-768x1072.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-1100x1536.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-1467x2048.jpg 1467w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-scaled.jpg 1834w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Geographical Publishing Company, Americans Over the Top, &#8220;Western Battle Front&#8221; (1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both documents embrace the phrase <em>over the top<\/em> in their titles. The expression originated during World War I to refer to the act of climbing out of the trenches and charging toward the enemy\u2019s defenses. Doing so required running through <em>no man\u2019s land<\/em>, the barren space between the two armies\u2019 lines, where soldiers were unprotected and exposed to enemy fire. As writer Evan Morris notes, \u201c\u2018Going over the top\u2019 was frequently fatal; on the first day of the Battle of the Somme in France (July 1, 1916), the British Army lost almost 60,000 soldiers.\u201d As a result, going over the top was associated with extraordinary bravery during and after the war. It was not until the 1930s that, according to Morris, the phrase acquired its current meaning of \u201cgoing too far\u201d or \u201cbeing excessive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine Empey\u2019s diagram of the front line. What information does it include? How does the physical space of the front seem to be organized?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Empey\u2019s diagram convey his perspective on the landscape as a soldier in the British Army? What insight does it give you into the experience of warfare during the Great War?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Describe the cover of Americans Over the Top Atlas? How does the illustration portray the soldiers\u2019 experience of the war? What emotions in the viewer is this illustration meant to elicit?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What information appears in the map of the Western Front included in Americans Over the Top Atlas? How does the map visually convey the events and history of the war?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Popular Music and the War<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: M. L. Lake and E. Paul Hamiliton, <em>All Together: &#8220;We&#8217;re Out to Beat the Hun&#8221; <\/em>(1918).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13321\" data-id=\"13321\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-800x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-scaled-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-1200x1536.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-1600x2048.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-scaled.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">M. L. Lake and E. Paul Hamilton, All Together &#8220;We&#8217;re Out to Beat the Hun,&#8221; cover (1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"808\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17968\" data-id=\"17968\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-808x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-808x1024.jpg 808w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-scaled-300x380.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-scaled-600x760.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-768x973.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-1213x1536.jpg 1213w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-1617x2048.jpg 1617w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.1_o2-scaled.jpg 2021w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 808px) 100vw, 808px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">M. L. Lake and E. Paul Hamilton, All Together &#8220;We&#8217;re Out to Beat the Hun,&#8221; 1 (1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"822\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17967\" data-id=\"17967\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.2_o2-822x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.2_o2-822x1024.jpg 822w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.2_o2-scaled-300x374.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.2_o2-scaled-600x747.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.2_o2-241x300.jpg 241w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.2_o2-768x956.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.2_o2-1233x1536.jpg 1233w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Driscoll-Bx.163-All-Together-pg.2_o2-1645x2048.jpg 1645w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">M. L. Lake and E. Paul Hamilton, All Together &#8220;We&#8217;re Out to Beat the Hun,&#8221; 2 (1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At a time when many American homes had pianos and few had gramophones (early record players), sheet music played an important role in popular culture. People gathered in their living rooms to sing songs or heard them performed at music halls and parades. After the United States joined the war, the government turned to songwriters to help promote the war effort. Historian Jennifer Wingate notes that \u201c70 percent of all copyrighted songs in 1918 were war songs.\u201d Earlier songs, written during Wilson\u2019s policy of neutrality, had featured mothers who didn\u2019t want their boys to go to war. But after April 1917, sheet music almost invariably supported the war effort. Songs expressed straightforward appeals to men to enlist, portrayed women supporting the war effort from home, and warned unenlisted men not to seduce soldiers\u2019 girlfriends. The covers of much sheet music also provide a rich visual source for popular illustrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Benny Davis, Jack Yellen, and Albert Gumble, <em>So Long Sammy<\/em> (1917).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13324\" data-id=\"13324\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/So-Long-Sammy-cover-827x1024.jpg\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Benny Davis, Jack Yellen, and Albert Gumble, So Long Sammy, cover (1917)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"825\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17975\" data-id=\"17975\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1-825x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1-825x1024.jpg 825w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1-300x372.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1-600x745.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1-768x953.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1-1238x1536.jpg 1238w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1-1650x2048.jpg 1650w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p1.jpg 2032w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Benny Davis, Jack Yellen, and Albert Gumble, So Long Sammy, 2 (1917)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17976\" data-id=\"17976\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-800x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-scaled-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-1200x1536.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-1600x2048.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/So-Long-Sammy-p2-scaled.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Benny Davis, Jack Yellen, and Albert Gumble, So Long Sammy, 3 (1917)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The sheet music presented in this section suggests some of the complexities of Americans\u2019 responses to the war. When the war began in Europe, there were 8 million Americans of German or Austrian descent in the United States as well as 4.5 million Irish-Americans. These groups tended to sympathize with Germany or (in the case of the Irish) oppose Britain. They came under suspicion as the war progressed. As historian Patricia Junker notes, the former president, Theodore Roosevelt, and other early supporters of the Allies derided \u201chyphenated Americans,\u201d insisting that residence in the United States meant \u201cbecoming an American and nothing else.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: John J. Donahue, <em>Don&#8217;t Blame the Germans<\/em> (1915).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13323\" data-id=\"13323\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-793x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-793x1024.jpg 793w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-scaled-300x387.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-scaled-600x775.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-768x992.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-1189x1536.jpg 1189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-1586x2048.jpg 1586w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-scaled.jpg 1982w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John J. Donahue, Don&#8217;t Blame the Germans, cover (1915)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"784\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17980\" data-id=\"17980\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-784x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-784x1024.jpg 784w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-scaled-300x392.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-scaled-600x784.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-768x1003.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-1176x1536.jpg 1176w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-1567x2048.jpg 1567w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p3-scaled.jpg 1959w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John J. Donahue, Don&#8217;t Blame the Germans, 3 (1915)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"781\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17981\" data-id=\"17981\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-781x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-781x1024.jpg 781w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-scaled-600x786.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-768x1007.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-1172x1536.jpg 1172w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-1562x2048.jpg 1562w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p4-scaled.jpg 1953w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John J. Donahue, Don&#8217;t Blame the Germans, 4 (1915)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"777\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17982\" data-id=\"17982\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-777x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-777x1024.jpg 777w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-scaled-300x395.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-scaled-600x791.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-768x1012.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-1166x1536.jpg 1166w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-1554x2048.jpg 1554w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Dont-Blame-Germans-p5-scaled.jpg 1943w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John J. Donahue, Don&#8217;t Blame the Germans, 5 (1915)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many African Americans, including leaders such as W. E. B. DuBois, supported the war effort and appreciated the opportunities it created. Draft laws applied equally to black and white men, though African Americans served in segregated units that usually provided support rather than engaging in combat. Within the United States, the war effort created intense demand for labor in industry and transportation, stimulating the Great Migration of African Americans from the Southeast to cities in the North and West.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: W. J. Nickerson, <em>The Colored Soldier Boys of Uncle Sam <\/em>(1918).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"801\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13322\" data-id=\"13322\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-801x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-801x1024.jpg 801w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-scaled-600x767.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-768x982.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-1601x2048.jpg 1601w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-scaled.jpg 2002w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W. J. Nickerson, The Colored Soldier Boys of Uncle Sam, cover (1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17978\" data-id=\"17978\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-788x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-788x1024.jpg 788w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-scaled-300x390.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-scaled-600x780.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-768x998.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-1182x1536.jpg 1182w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-1576x2048.jpg 1576w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p1-scaled.jpg 1969w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W. J. Nickerson, The Colored Soldier Boys of Uncle Sam, 2 (1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"786\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17979\" data-id=\"17979\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-786x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-786x1024.jpg 786w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-scaled-300x391.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-scaled-600x781.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-768x1000.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-1179x1536.jpg 1179w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-1573x2048.jpg 1573w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Colored-Soldier-p2-scaled.jpg 1966w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W. J. Nickerson, The Colored Soldier Boys of Uncle Sam, 3 (1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compare the song \u201cDon\u2019t Blame the Germans,\u201d published in 1915, to the 1918 song \u201cAll Together.\u201d How does each song make its appeal to support or oppose Germany? What kind of audience does each song seem to address? Why do you think \u201cAll Together\u201d uses the archaic term <em>Hun<\/em> for German person? How do the references to voluntary food rations (at the bottom of the page) contribute to the song\u2019s message?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Describe the cover of \u201cAll Together.\u201d How do the soldiers appear? What emotions do they express?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do \u201cSo Long Sammy\u201d and \u201cThe Colored Soldier Boys\u201d promote the war effort? What emotions do they solicit from their audiences? What role do women play in the war effort, as suggested by \u201cSo Long Sammy\u201d? Why do you think the soldiers in \u201cThe Colored Soldier Boys\u201d are specifically identified by their race? Does their race affect the song\u2019s lyrics or patriotic message?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Advertising and the War Effort<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"701\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-701x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13316\" style=\"width:288px;height:420px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-701x1024.jpg 701w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-scaled-300x438.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-scaled-600x876.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-768x1121.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-1052x1536.jpg 1052w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-1403x2048.jpg 1403w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-scaled.jpg 1754w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-3\" target=\"_blank\">Cream of Wheat, &#8220;Preparedness,&#8221; in <em>The<\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em> <\/em><\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-3\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Youth\u2019s Companion <\/em>(1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many U.S. companies were quick to embrace the war effort by including patriotic messages in advertisements for their products. Representations of Uncle Sam and the bald eagle, for example, became pervasive in both government propaganda and ads. But popular art offers insight into cultural anxieties as well as ideals, as suggested by the attention to physical fitness in the ads below. As historian Jennifer Wingate explains, when the United States entered the war, \u201cthe army rejected as physically unfit for military service almost a third of the 2.5 million men between the ages of 21 and 30 who had been given physical examinations.\u201d In response, the War Department developed training battalions to make men fit to fight, and government propaganda emphasized the health benefits of military training. The ads below all appeared in <em>The Youth\u2019s Companion<\/em>, a magazine addressed to adults as well as children, that featured writers such as Mark Twain, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Jack London.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-654x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-654x1024.jpg 654w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-scaled-300x470.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-scaled-600x940.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-768x1203.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-980x1536.jpg 980w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-1307x2048.jpg 1307w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-scaled.jpg 1634w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Normal Rockwell, &#8220;Fisk Club Boys are Doing Their Bit,&#8221; in <em>The Youth&#8217;s Companion<\/em> (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"662\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-662x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-662x1024.jpg 662w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-scaled-300x464.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-scaled-600x928.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-768x1187.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-993x1536.jpg 993w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-1325x2048.jpg 1325w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-scaled.jpg 1656w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-2\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Colgate&#8217;s Ribbon Dental Cream,&#8221; in <em>The<\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em> <\/em><\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-2\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Youth\u2019s Companion<\/em> (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the Cream of Wheat \u201cPreparedness\u201d advertisement. How does the ad appropriate the Wilson administration\u2019s rhetoric and iconography (or images)? How would you characterize Uncle Sam in this representation? Is he intimidating, friendly, comic? What do you think made him such an effective figure in the mobilization for war?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the Fisk Bicycle Club and Colgate toothpaste ads evoke ideas of physical fitness and patriotism while marketing their products? In what ways do they address young men and boys, specifically?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gender and War Culture<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"899\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-1024x899.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13313\" style=\"width:316px;height:276px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-1024x899.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-scaled-600x527.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-768x674.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-1536x1348.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-2048x1798.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-2\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Mamma\u2019s Boy,&#8221; in <em>Life <\/em>(1918)<\/a>. This cartoon speaks to concerns about whether American men were prepared for the physical and mental demands of warfare.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The U.S. entry into the war prompted a proliferation of images of soldiers and a new attention to ideas of manly heroism. Artists often portrayed American soldiers in aggressive poses, wielding bayonets as they charge over the tops of trenches in pursuit of retreating or cowering Germans. But the war also brought changes to women\u2019s social roles and to popular perceptions of femininity. Some women went to Europe with service organizations, such as the Red Cross and the YMCA. Many more took jobs in the United States that had formerly been held by men and that would not have been open to women before the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These illustrations from <em>Life<\/em>, a widely read humorous magazine, sheds light on popular ambivalence about the war\u2019s impact on gender roles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"776\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-776x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-776x1024.jpg 776w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-scaled-300x396.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-scaled-600x792.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-768x1014.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-1164x1536.jpg 1164w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-1552x2048.jpg 1552w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-scaled.jpg 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Isn\u2019t War Scrumptious?&#8221; in <em>Life <\/em>(1917)<\/a>. This cartoon portrays American women volunteers in Europe during World War I.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"754\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-754x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-754x1024.jpg 754w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-scaled-300x408.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-scaled-600x815.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-768x1044.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-1130x1536.jpg 1130w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-1507x2048.jpg 1507w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-scaled.jpg 1884w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-4\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;The Red Cross,&#8221; in <em>Life <\/em>(1917)<\/a>. During World War I, the Red Cross became one of the leading nongovernmental organizations to provide medical aid and supplies to soldiers and refugees in the war zone.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the illustration captioned \u201cIsn\u2019t war scrumptious?\u201d How does this artist portray women who have joined service organizations in Europe?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare the \u201cScrumptious\u201d illustration to the drawing entitled \u201cThe Red Cross.\u201d Is the woman in the second drawing intended to be real or symbolic? What feelings does the drawing evoke? Why do you think the artist chose to portray a woman rather than a man rescuing the soldier?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analyze the \u201cWhat will you do\u2026?\u201d illustration as a response to women\u2019s increased participation in the workforce. How does this drawing respond to or alleviate concerns about the consequences of these workplace changes?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider the illustration \u201cMamma\u2019s Boy.\u201d How would you describe the soldier in the foreground, leaping over the edge of the trench? What is his relationship to the reclining man in the cloud? Why is the drawing titled \u201cMamma\u2019s Boy\u201d? What is the artist trying to demonstrate by juxtaposing the man at home and the man at war?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"796\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-1024x796.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-1024x796.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-scaled-600x466.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-768x597.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-1536x1194.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-2048x1592.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-3\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;What Will You Do?&#8221; in <em>Life <\/em>(1918)<\/a>. World War I created opportunities for many women to take jobs that had formerly been held by men, a phenomenon that caused some anxiety about what would happen after the war ended.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Criticizing the War Effort<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"764\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-764x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13320\" style=\"width:319px;height:428px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-764x1024.jpg 764w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-scaled-300x402.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-scaled-600x804.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-768x1029.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-1146x1536.jpg 1146w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-1528x2048.jpg 1528w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-scaled.jpg 1910w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-5\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Challenging the Government,&#8221; <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">i<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-5\" target=\"_blank\">n <em>Masses <\/em>(1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>Masses<\/em> was a socialist monthly magazine that featured vivid illustrations and political cartoons alongside poetry, fiction, and editorials. It was produced by a group of radical artists and activists in Greenwich Village, New York City. The <em>Masses<\/em>\u2019 artists and writers expressed strong and consistent opposition to the war, which they argued sacrificed workingmen\u2019s lives to serve the interests of wealthy capitalists. They supported other radical causes as well, such as labor strikes, women\u2019s suffrage, and Margaret Sanger\u2019s birth control crusade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The magazine ran from 1911 to 1917, when federal prosecutors charged its editors with violating the Espionage Act of 1917. This act, along with the Sedition Act of 1918, imposed fines and jail sentences on people who aided the enemy, interfered in military recruitment, or spoke against the war effort. Two trials resulted in hung juries, and the editors of the <em>Masses<\/em> went on to found other radical publications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-4\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"594\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-1024x594.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-1024x594.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-scaled-600x348.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-768x446.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-1536x892.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-2048x1189.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-4\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Floyd Dell, &#8220;Film-Flamming&#8221; with note (1917)<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Transcription of Floyd Dell&#8217;s note:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is what I was indicted and put on trial for &#8212; This paragraph or, rather, the title of this news item.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F.D.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This selection of pieces from the <em>Masses<\/em> includes a handwritten note by Floyd Dell, an author and editor at the magazine, concerning wartime censorship. Dell\u2019s title, \u201cFilm-flamming,\u201d refers to the flamethrower, a portable weapon, consisting of a backpack and a gun, that projects a stream of ignited, flammable liquid. Flamethrowers were first used by Germany in 1915 against French and British trenches. (Many other countries, including the United States, adopted them in World War II.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-765x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-765x1024.jpg 765w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-scaled-300x402.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-scaled-600x803.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-768x1028.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1147x1536.jpg 1147w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1529x2048.jpg 1529w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-scaled.jpg 1912w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-2\" target=\"_blank\">Henry Glintenkamp, \u201cPhysically Fit,\u201d in <em>Masses <\/em>(1917)<\/a>. Henry Glintenkamp was an artist and political radical who was prosecuted during World War I for his work in the <em>Masses.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"777\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-777x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-777x1024.jpg 777w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-scaled-300x395.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-scaled-600x791.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-768x1013.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-1165x1536.jpg 1165w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-1553x2048.jpg 1553w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-scaled.jpg 1942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-3\" target=\"_blank\">Maurice Becker, &#8220;NOW Will You Enlist?&#8221; in <em>Masses <\/em>(1917)<\/a>. Maurice Becker was an artist and political radical whose work appeared frequently in the socialist magazine the <em>Masses.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"952\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-1024x952.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-1024x952.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-300x279.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-scaled-600x558.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-768x714.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-1536x1428.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-2048x1904.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289\" target=\"_blank\">Boardman Robinson, &#8220;Kaiser Wilson,&#8221;<em> Masses <\/em>(1917)<\/a>. Boardman Robinson published political cartoons for a number of mainstream American periodicals until his strongly anti-war stance during World War I led him to publish in the <em>Masses<\/em> and face federal prosecution for his work.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the illustrations by Maurice Becker and Henry Glintenkamp. On what grounds does each one criticize the government\u2019s recruitment efforts?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why would the government attempt to censor the <em>Masses<\/em>\u2019 illustrations and commentary?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the magazine respond to the censorship through the back cover commentary and Dell\u2019s piece on \u201cfilm-flamming\u201d? What connections does it suggest between \u201cmilitarism\u201d and censorship?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Supreme Court upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts in <em>Schenk v United States<\/em> (1919), arguing that when there is \u201ca clear and present danger\u201d to national interest, the government may suppress free speech. The laws were subsequently modified and many critics regard them as violating the Constitution. Do you believe such censorship is justified during wartime?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine Boardman Robinson\u2019s illustration of a suffragist. How does the illustration connect opposition to the war to the cause of women\u2019s right to vote? (Note: The suffragist\u2019s sign plays on the title of the German monarch, Kaiser Wilhelm II.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maps of the War<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These two maps, one providing the perspective of a soldier and the other from the victorious, American perspective, offer starkly different perspectives on the Western Front. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_71419\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"787\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1024x787.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17983\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1024x787.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-scaled-600x461.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-768x590.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-1536x1181.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95-2048x1574.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_71419\/Empey-Over-the-top-Diagram-pp94-95.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arthur Guy Empey, <em>&#8220;Over the Top,&#8221; <\/em>&#8220;Diagram Illustrating Typical Fire Trench&#8221; (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_824873\/Americans-over-the-top-map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-733x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17977\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-scaled-300x419.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-scaled-600x838.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-768x1072.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-1100x1536.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-1467x2048.jpg 1467w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Americans-over-the-top-map-scaled.jpg 1834w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_824873\/Americans-over-the-top-map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Geographical Publishing Company, <em>Americans Over the Top<\/em>, &#8220;Western Battle Front&#8221; (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Popular Music and the War<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sheet music played an important role in popular culture during the war and was used to help promote the war effort. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-scaled-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-1200x1536.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-1600x2048.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/All-Together-cover-scaled.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M. L. Lake and E. Paul Hamilton, <em>All Together &#8220;We&#8217;re Out to Beat the Hun,&#8221;<\/em> cover (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2067\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/So-Long-Sammy-cover-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/So-Long-Sammy-cover-scaled.jpg 2067w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/So-Long-Sammy-cover-scaled-300x372.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/So-Long-Sammy-cover-scaled-600x743.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2067px) 100vw, 2067px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Benny Davis, Jack Yellen, and Albert Gumble, <em>So Long Sammy<\/em>, cover (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-793x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-793x1024.jpg 793w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-scaled-300x387.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-scaled-600x775.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-768x992.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-1189x1536.jpg 1189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-1586x2048.jpg 1586w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dont-Blame-Germans-Cover-scaled.jpg 1982w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John J. Donahue, <em>Don&#8217;t Blame the Germans<\/em>, cover (1915)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"801\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-801x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-801x1024.jpg 801w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-scaled-600x767.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-768x982.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-1601x2048.jpg 1601w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colored-Soldier-cover-scaled.jpg 2002w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_168406-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">W. J. Nickerson, <em>The Colored Soldier Boys of Uncle Sam<\/em>, cover (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">War Advertisements  <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As these images from <em>The Youth&#8217;s Companion<\/em> demonstrate, many U.S. companies supported the war effort by including patriotic messages in advertisements for their products. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"701\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-701x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-701x1024.jpg 701w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-scaled-300x438.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-scaled-600x876.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-768x1121.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-1052x1536.jpg 1052w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-1403x2048.jpg 1403w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Cream-of-Wheat-Preparedness-scaled.jpg 1754w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cream of Wheat, &#8220;Preparedness,&#8221; in <em>The Youth\u2019s Companion<\/em> (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-654x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-654x1024.jpg 654w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-scaled-300x470.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-scaled-600x940.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-768x1203.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-980x1536.jpg 980w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-1307x2048.jpg 1307w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fisk-Club-Boys-scaled.jpg 1634w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Normal Rockwell, &#8220;Fisk Club Boys are Doing Their Bit,&#8221; in <em>The Youth&#8217;s Companion<\/em> (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"662\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-662x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-662x1024.jpg 662w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-scaled-300x464.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-scaled-600x928.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-768x1187.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-993x1536.jpg 993w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-1325x2048.jpg 1325w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Colgate-Youths-companion-Cover-October-1918-scaled.jpg 1656w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_793790-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Colgate&#8217;s Ribbon Dental Cream,&#8221; in <em>The Youth\u2019s Companion<\/em> (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gender and the War<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These illustrations from <em>Life Magazine<\/em> capture representations of soldiers and women who contributed to the war effort and the impact of the war on traditional gender roles. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"899\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-1024x899.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-1024x899.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-scaled-600x527.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-768x674.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-1536x1348.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Mammas-Boy-p186-detail-2048x1798.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Mamma\u2019s Boy,&#8221; in <em>Life<\/em> (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"776\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-776x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-776x1024.jpg 776w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-scaled-300x396.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-scaled-600x792.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-768x1014.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-1164x1536.jpg 1164w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-1552x2048.jpg 1552w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-isnt-war-scrumptious-p89-scaled.jpg 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Isn\u2019t War Scrumptious?&#8221; in <em>Life<\/em> (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"754\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-754x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-754x1024.jpg 754w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-scaled-300x408.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-scaled-600x815.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-768x1044.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-1130x1536.jpg 1130w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-1507x2048.jpg 1507w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-Red-Cross-p177-scaled.jpg 1884w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;The Red Cross,&#8221; in <em>Life <\/em>(1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"796\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-1024x796.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-1024x796.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-scaled-600x466.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-768x597.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-1536x1194.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Life-What-will-you-do-p171-detail-2048x1592.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509343-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;What Will You Do?&#8221; in <em>Life<\/em> (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Criticisms of the War<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These pieces from the <em>Masses<\/em> include illustrations and commentary criticizing the war, including wartime censorship, the government&#8217;s recruitment efforts, and the horrors of war.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"764\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-764x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-764x1024.jpg 764w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-scaled-300x402.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-scaled-600x804.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-768x1029.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-1146x1536.jpg 1146w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-1528x2048.jpg 1528w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Masses-Sept-1917-back-cover-scaled.jpg 1910w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Challenging the Government,&#8221; in <em>Masses<\/em> (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-4\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"594\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-1024x594.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-1024x594.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-scaled-600x348.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-768x446.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-1536x892.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail-2048x1189.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-4\/Dell-Film-flamming-Masses-p23-detail.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Floyd Dell, &#8220;Film-Flamming&#8221; with note (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-765x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-765x1024.jpg 765w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-scaled-300x402.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-scaled-600x803.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-768x1028.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-1147x1536.jpg 1147w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-1529x2048.jpg 1529w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Glintenkamp-Physically-Fit-1-scaled.jpg 1912w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Henry Glintenkamp, \u201cPhysically Fit,\u201d in <em>Masses<\/em> (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"777\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-777x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-777x1024.jpg 777w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-scaled-300x395.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-scaled-600x791.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-768x1013.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-1165x1536.jpg 1165w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-1553x2048.jpg 1553w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Becker-NOW-Will-You-Enlist-scaled.jpg 1942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Maurice Becker, &#8220;NOW Will You Enlist?&#8221; in <em>Masses<\/em> (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"952\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-1024x952.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-1024x952.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-300x279.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-scaled-600x558.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-768x714.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-1536x1428.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boardman-Kaiser-Wilson-2048x1904.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_536289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Boardman Robinson, &#8220;Kaiser Wilson,&#8221;<em> <\/em>in <em>Masses<\/em> (1917)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Junker, Patricia. \u201cChilde Hassam, Marsden Hartley, and the Spirit of 1916.\u201d <em>American Art<\/em> 24 (Fall 2010): 26\u201351.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lubin, David. \u201cLosing Sight: War, Authority, and Blindness in British and American Visual Cultures, 1914\u201322.\u201d In <em>Anglo-American: Artistic Exchange between Britain and the USA<\/em>, edited by David Peters Corbett and Sarah Monks. 2012. 175\u2013195.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Morris, Evan. <em>The Word Detective<\/em>. February 16, 2005. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.word-detective.com\/021605.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.word-detective.com\/021605.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wingate, Jennifer. \u201cOver the Top: The Doughboy in World War I Memorials and Visual Culture.\u201d <em>American Art<\/em> 19 (Summer 2005): 27\u201347.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Related Resources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Lessons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=17964\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"792\" height=\"940\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.08.28-PM.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for lesson entitled &quot;All Together in World War I&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.08.28-PM.png 792w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.08.28-PM-253x300.png 253w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.08.28-PM-768x912.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=17964\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>All Together in World War I by Hilary Mac Austin and Kathleen Thompson<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=15528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.09.21-PM-667x1024.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for lesson entitled &quot;Reading Visual Images: The First World War&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23329\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.09.21-PM-667x1024.png 667w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.09.21-PM-195x300.png 195w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.09.21-PM-768x1179.png 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Screen-Shot-2024-09-02-at-4.09.21-PM.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=15528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Reading Visual Images: The First World War by Susan Binkis<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How did popular publications in the United States respond to World War I? How did artists, writers, publishers, and advertisers work to promote the war effort? What criticisms of the war did dissenting artists make?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13324,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[84,164],"tags":[174,165],"class_list":["post-14367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-20th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-politics-government","tag-us-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/So-Long-Sammy-cover-scaled.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14367","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14367"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14367\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23835,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14367\/revisions\/23835"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14367"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14367"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14367"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}