{"id":14372,"date":"2014-03-12T19:21:21","date_gmt":"2014-03-12T19:21:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14372"},"modified":"2024-08-28T17:25:01","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T17:25:01","slug":"victorians-and-the-hidden-self","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14372","title":{"rendered":"Victorians and the Hidden Self: Cultural Contexts for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and The Picture of Dorian Gray"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why was the idea of a hidden or double self so appealing to writers and readers of the late Victorian period? Two of the most powerful and controversial English novels of the time are Robert Louis Stevenson\u2019s <em>The Strange Case of Dr.&nbsp;Jekyll and Mr.&nbsp;Hyde<\/em> (1886) and Oscar Wilde\u2019s <em>The Picture of Dorian Gray<\/em> (1890). Both novels explore a conflict between the demands of social respectability and the desire to pursue pleasure. Both offer the fantasy solution of having a second self to carry the burden of one\u2019s vices. Dr.&nbsp;Jekyll confesses that he possessed a \u201cgaiety of disposition\u201d that could not be reconciled with his desire \u201cto carry my head high, and wear a more than commonly grave countenance before the public.\u201d Even before he learned to transform himself into Mr.&nbsp;Hyde, he \u201cstood already committed to a profound duplicity of life.\u201d The identity of Mr.&nbsp;Hyde takes this duplicity to its logical extreme. Mr.&nbsp;Hyde allows Jekyll to shed all restraint and \u201cspring headlong into the sea of liberty.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dorian Gray\u2019s path to a double life begins with vanity, the wish that he might hold onto his beautiful, youthful appearance and let his portrait bear the ugly changes associated with age. But it quickly becomes clear that changes in our appearance are not due to a neutral process of aging, they are manifestations of our sorrows and our crimes. When Dorian discovers that his appearance will not change regardless of his actions, he claims full license to act as selfishly and cruelly as he chooses in pursuit of pleasure and \u201cpassionate experience.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following collection of primary sources develops the cultural contexts for these novels\u2019 representations of double and hidden selves. While Stevenson\u2019s novel draws attention to early theories of the unconscious, Wilde\u2019s novel points to his engagement with Aestheticism, the late-nineteenth-century arts movement that promoted art for the sake of its beauty alone, not for any utilitarian, moral, or political purpose. Both novels also raise questions about gender and sexual identity. Dorian Gray and Jekyll\/Hyde explore what it could mean for educated, Victorian men to pursue pleasure free of the inhibiting threat of social ostracism. Recent literary critics, as well as some nineteenth-century readers, have suggested that the ultimate feared and forbidden pleasure these novels tacitly evoke is sexual relations between men. Indeed, during Wilde\u2019s 1895 trials for \u201cindecency,\u201d the prosecutor tried to use <em>The Picture of Dorian Gray<\/em> as evidence against him. Many of the sources that follow explore changing ideas about gender and sexual identity in England and America at the turn of the last century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Essential Questions<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What were the cultural contexts for Stevenson\u2019s and Wilde\u2019s novels? How can studying these contexts lead us to a deeper understanding of the novels?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did writers and audiences in late Victorian England and America explore the idea of a hidden or double self? What does the hidden self represent?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the role of sexuality in representations of the hidden self in Victorian society? What were the prevailing norms around gender and sexual identity at this time?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the roles of class and urban geography in Stevenson\u2019s and Wilde\u2019s novels?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do Wilde\u2019s and Stevenson\u2019s representations of the hidden self challenge prevailing conceptions of sin and crime? In what ways do they reinforce these conceptions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Geography of the Double Life <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Late one night, near the end of Oscar Wilde\u2019s <em>The Picture of Dorian Gray<\/em>, Dorian dresses himself in \u201ccommon\u201d clothes, conceals his face behind a scarf and hat, and walks to Bond Street where he hails a carriage. The driver initially refuses to take him to the address he requests, but after Dorian has promised a large payment, they take a long journey through London to a neighborhood by the shipping docks on the Thames River. The streets are roughly paved and dimly lit. Dorian enters \u201ca small shabby house, that was wedged in between two gaunt factories.\u201d The house is an opium den, peopled with gentlemen, sailors, and prostitutes, South Asians and whites: \u201cgrotesque things that lay in such fantastic postures on the ragged mattresses. The twisted limbs, the gaping mouths, the staring lusterless eyes\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dorian\u2019s journey on that night makes explicit a pattern of behavior that both Robert Louis Stevenson and Oscar Wilde reference throughout their novels: wealthy Victorian men escaped stifling social conventions and the surveillance of their peers by seeking pleasure in London\u2019s poor neighborhoods. In the 1880s and \u201990s, London was a city deeply divided by class. The city\u2019s population had increased exponentially during the course of the nineteenth century, from less than one million in 1800 to over four million in 1890. The population increase was due to immigration from the English countryside as well as from Ireland and Central and Eastern Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many poor and working-class people found themselves crowded into miserable slums on the East End, that is, the neighborhoods east of the City of London and north of the Thames River. The area included the docks that received goods from Britain\u2019s growing empire in South and East Asia and the West Indies. It also included sea-related industries, such as shipbuilding and rope making. The hub of the East End was Whitechapel, a neighborhood that became notorious in the late 1880s as the site of the Jack the Ripper murders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast, the main characters in <em>The Picture of Dorian Gray<\/em> spend much of their known lives in Mayfair, a wealthy, fashionable neighborhood in central London. Lord Henry Wooton\u2019s house, the Royal Academy of Arts, and the Grosvenor House Hotel are all in Mayfair. In Stevenson\u2019s novel, Dr.&nbsp;Lanyon, the close friend of Utterson and (at one time) Jekyll, lives at Cavendish Square, one block north of Mayfair. Henry Jekyll chooses Soho, the neighborhood just east of Mayfair, but still in central London, as the location for Edward Hyde\u2019s house. This formerly respectable, if not wealthy, neighborhood had, by the mid-nineteenth century, become known for its music halls, small theaters, and prostitutes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wilde\u2019s and Jekyll\u2019s wealthy characters were not unusual for venturing to poor and working-class neighborhoods. As historian Seth Koven notes, by the 1890s, large numbers of wealthy Londoners regularly visited the East End, sometimes under the auspices of philanthropy and social reform, but often as tourists and pleasure-seekers or some combination of all of these. For the educated elite, Koven argues, the East End could be the site of personal liberation, an escape from upper-class, Victorian mores into a world they saw as exotic, primitive, and free of moral restraint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The map below shows the layout of London in the 1890s and, specifically, the neighborhoods represented in Wilde\u2019s and Stevenson\u2019s novels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_874461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bartholomew, New Plan of London<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1798\" alt=\"Map\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13498\" data-id=\"13498\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/New-Map-of-London-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/New-Map-of-London-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/New-Map-of-London-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/New-Map-of-London-scaled-600x421.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/New-Map-of-London-1024x719.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/New-Map-of-London-768x540.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/New-Map-of-London-1536x1079.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/New-Map-of-London-2048x1439.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Bartholomew, New Plan of London (1895)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2025\" height=\"1423\" alt=\"Map with five boxed and numbered sections\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21636\" data-id=\"21636\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_detail-key_mod.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_detail-key_mod.jpg 2025w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_detail-key_mod-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_detail-key_mod-600x422.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_detail-key_mod-1024x720.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_detail-key_mod-768x540.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_detail-key_mod-1536x1079.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2025px) 100vw, 2025px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Bartholomew, New Plan of London, detail key (1895)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1428\" height=\"893\" alt=\"detail of map\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21632\" data-id=\"21632\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Mayfair_detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Mayfair_detail.jpg 1428w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Mayfair_detail-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Mayfair_detail-600x375.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Mayfair_detail-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Mayfair_detail-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Mayfair_detail-1200x750.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1428px) 100vw, 1428px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Bartholomew, New Plan of London, detail of Hyde Park (1895)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"832\" height=\"598\" alt=\"Detail of map\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21635\" data-id=\"21635\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Cavendish-Square_detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Cavendish-Square_detail.jpg 832w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Cavendish-Square_detail-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Cavendish-Square_detail-600x431.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Cavendish-Square_detail-768x552.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Cavendish-Square_detail-140x100.jpg 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 832px) 100vw, 832px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Bartholomew, New Plan of London, detail of Cavendish Square (1895)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"832\" height=\"608\" alt=\"Detail of map\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21633\" data-id=\"21633\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Soho_detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Soho_detail.jpg 832w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Soho_detail-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Soho_detail-600x438.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Soho_detail-768x561.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 832px) 100vw, 832px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Bartholomew, New Plan of London, detail of Soho (1895)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1434\" height=\"1088\" alt=\"Detail of map\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21634\" data-id=\"21634\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Whitechapel_detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Whitechapel_detail.jpg 1434w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Whitechapel_detail-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Whitechapel_detail-600x455.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Whitechapel_detail-1024x777.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Whitechapel_detail-768x583.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Bartholomew, New Plan of London, detail of Whitechapel (1895)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1375\" height=\"1020\" alt=\"Detail of map\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21637\" data-id=\"21637\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Docks_detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Docks_detail.jpg 1375w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Docks_detail-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Docks_detail-600x445.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Docks_detail-1024x760.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/New-Map-of-London_Docks_detail-768x570.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1375px) 100vw, 1375px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Bartholomew, New Plan of London, detail of London Docks (1895)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Describe the layout of London in the 1890s. What do you notice about the city\u2019s location?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How are London\u2019s streets arranged? How would you compare the city\u2019s plan to that of American cities, such as New York and Chicago?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare the neighborhoods of central London to those of the East End. Where are the green spaces, such as parks and squares? How large or small are the streets? What evidence do you see of industry or commerce? Which routes would one take from central London to the docks or to other parts of the East End?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Victorian Representations of the Hidden Self<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">British journalist and reformer W. T. Stead devoted the 1891 Christmas issue of his journal <em>Review of Reviews<\/em> to scientific studies of \u201creal ghost stories.\u201d Yet, the first essay that Stead published was not a ghost story in the conventional sense of gothic and supernatural. Instead, it was a study of \u201cthe ghost that dwells in each of us.\u201d The article suggests that there was widespread interest in the idea of the unconscious\u2014a part of the mind that exists below the level of conscious thought\u2014years before Sigmund Freud\u2019s landmark work <em>The Interpretation of Dreams<\/em> (1899). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_632576-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stead, Real Ghost Stories, The Ghost in Each of Us<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1910\" alt=\"Page of text and facing portrait of a 'The Late Edmund Gurney' - man with a moustache wearing a suit.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13501\" data-id=\"13501\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-scaled-600x448.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-1024x764.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-1536x1146.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-2048x1528.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W. T. Stead, Real Ghost Stories, title page (1891)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1891\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21638\" data-id=\"21638\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-scaled.jpg 1891w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-scaled-300x406.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-scaled-600x812.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-222x300.jpg 222w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-756x1024.jpg 756w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-768x1040.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-1135x1536.jpg 1135w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_Caution-to-the-Reader_uncropped-1513x2048.jpg 1513w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1891px) 100vw, 1891px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W.T. Stead, Real Ghost Stories, Caution to Reader (1891)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1848\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21641\" data-id=\"21641\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-scaled.jpg 1848w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-scaled-300x416.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-scaled-600x831.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-739x1024.jpg 739w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-768x1064.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-1109x1536.jpg 1109w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p11-1478x2048.jpg 1478w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1848px) 100vw, 1848px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W.T. Stead, Real Ghost Stories, pg 11 (1891)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1813\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21640\" data-id=\"21640\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-scaled.jpg 1813w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-scaled-300x424.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-scaled-600x847.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-725x1024.jpg 725w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-768x1085.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-1088x1536.jpg 1088w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Ghost-in-Each-of-Us_p12_mod-1-1450x2048.jpg 1450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1813px) 100vw, 1813px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W.T. Stead, Real Ghost Stories, pg 12 modified (1891)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The magazine also included an account of a woman referred to as Madame B. who, under hypnosis, revealed alternate personalities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_632576\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stead, Real Ghost Stories, Mme. B as Leonie I and II<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter is-style-rectangular\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1992\" alt=\"Two portraits of an elderly woman wearing a black dress and white cap.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13494\" data-id=\"13494\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled-600x467.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"746\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21656\" data-id=\"21656\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-746x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-746x1024.jpg 746w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-scaled-300x412.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-scaled-600x824.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-219x300.jpg 219w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-768x1054.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-1119x1536.jpg 1119w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-1492x2048.jpg 1492w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_p20_mod-scaled.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second source below is an excerpt from the biography of Richard Mansfield, a British actor celebrated for his dual performance as Dr.&nbsp;Jekyll and Mr.&nbsp;Hyde in an 1887 stage adaptation of Stevenson\u2019s novel. The photograph of Mansfield was created using the technique of double-exposure. The photographer took Mansfield\u2019s picture, then rewound the film and took a second shot over the first, making the two images appear to be one. Both the text and the image below suggest how Mansfield attempted to express Jekyll\/Hyde\u2019s double nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_779161-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"621\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-621x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white image, slightly transparent with a menacing, crouched figure behind him\" class=\"wp-image-13502\" style=\"width:307px;height:507px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-621x1024.jpg 621w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-scaled-300x495.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-scaled-600x989.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-182x300.jpg 182w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-768x1266.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-932x1536.jpg 932w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-1242x2048.jpg 1242w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-scaled.jpg 1553w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_779161-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Paul Wilstach, Richard Mansfield in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1909)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do you think Stead included this \u201cCaution to the Reader\u201d at the beginning of his <em>Real Ghost Stories<\/em> issue? How might the warning contribute to interest in the magazine? What could be dangerous or threatening about the magazine\u2019s subject?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the essay\u2019s author mean by \u201cthe ghost that dwells in each of us\u201d? How does the writer both build on and depart from Christian understandings of the \u201cdual nature\u201d of man, that is, torn between good and evil? Is there a moral distinction between the conscious and the unconscious?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the <em>Review of Reviews<\/em> writer compare the conscious and the unconscious to husband and wife? What are the implications of this metaphor, both for thinking about the mind and for thinking about gender?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to Mansfield\u2019s biographer, how did the actor understand the character of Jekyll and Hyde? How did he convey the differences between them and the transformation from one to the other?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Based on the photograph, describe Mansfield\u2019s physical appearance in each of the roles of Dr.&nbsp;Jekyll and Mr.&nbsp;Hyde. Why were audiences terrified by Mansfield\u2019s performance? Why were people reluctant to believe that the actor could make this transformation without the assistance of artificial devices?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_779161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wilstach, Richard Mansfield: The Man and the Actor<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1590\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13495\" data-id=\"13495\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-scaled.jpg 1590w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-scaled-300x483.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-scaled-600x966.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-186x300.jpg 186w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-636x1024.jpg 636w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-768x1236.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-954x1536.jpg 954w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-1272x2048.jpg 1272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1590px) 100vw, 1590px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Paul Wilstach, Richard Mansfield: the Man and the Actor, title page (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1522\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21644\" data-id=\"21644\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-scaled.jpg 1522w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-scaled-300x505.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-scaled-600x1009.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-178x300.jpg 178w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-609x1024.jpg 609w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-768x1292.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-913x1536.jpg 913w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p146_mod-1218x2048.jpg 1218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1522px) 100vw, 1522px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Paul Wilstach, Richard Mansfield: the Man and the Actor, pg 146 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1493\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21642\" data-id=\"21642\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-scaled.jpg 1493w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-scaled-300x514.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-scaled-600x1029.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-175x300.jpg 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-597x1024.jpg 597w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-768x1317.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-896x1536.jpg 896w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p147-1195x2048.jpg 1195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1493px) 100vw, 1493px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Paul Wilstach, Richard Mansfield: the Man and the Actor, pg 147 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1557\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21643\" data-id=\"21643\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-scaled.jpg 1557w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-scaled-300x493.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-scaled-600x987.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-182x300.jpg 182w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-623x1024.jpg 623w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-768x1263.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-934x1536.jpg 934w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_p148_mod-1245x2048.jpg 1245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1557px) 100vw, 1557px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Paul Wilstach, Richard Mansfield: the Man and the Actor, pg 148 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Victorian Masculinity and Effeminacy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Britain and the United States today, boys and men who display feminine behaviors are often subject to ridicule and accused of being gay. Yet cultural theorists such as Michel Foucault and Eve Sedgwick caution against assuming that the Victorians thought about gender and sexuality in the same ways that people would in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Critic Alan Sinfield argues that, as late as the 1870s, \u201crecognition of homosexuality as a practice and a subculture was still very uneven and muddled.\u201d For much of his life, Oscar Wilde and other aristocratic men could embrace the public persona of the \u201ceffeminate aesthete and dandy\u201d without necessarily being accused of having sexual desire for other men. This apparent freedom did not reflect tolerance of homosexuality. Rather, to the majority of people in Victorian England, sexual relations between men were so horrifying as to seem unthinkable, at least among respected acquaintances. However, as later texts in this collection will show, these cultural norms were changing rapidly. In 1885 the British parliament passed a law making it much easier to prosecute men for homosexuality and in 1895 Wilde found himself convicted of crimes and publically vilified for his relationships with men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The documents that follow testify to the acceptability of some expressions of male effeminacy in England throughout much of the nineteenth century. The illustrations come from the London magazine <em>The Woman\u2019s World<\/em>, which Wilde edited from 1887 to 1889. They portray Charles Edward Stuart, known as the Young Pretender, the grandson of the Catholic king James II (who ruled Britain from 1685 to 1688). Stuart proclaimed himself the rightful heir to the throne and in 1745 attempted to invade England from Scotland. His forces were quickly defeated and he escaped into exile in France, reportedly in the disguise of a maid named Betty Burke. Although Charles earned a reputation for drunkenness and debauchery in his remaining years in Europe, he was romanticized as a national hero of Scotland. Wilde published these illustrations, based on 1748 paintings, along with other drawings from history and fashion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_784309-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"847\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-847x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Print of a man with powdered white hair and wearing armor\" class=\"wp-image-16036\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-847x1024.jpg 847w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-300x363.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-600x726.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-768x929.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-1270x1536.jpg 1270w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-1693x2048.jpg 1693w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 847px) 100vw, 847px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_784309-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Prince Charles Edward Stuart (1888)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_784309\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"713\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-713x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Print of a man dressed in 18th century woman's dress and bonnet\" class=\"wp-image-13496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-713x1024.jpg 713w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-scaled-300x430.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-scaled-600x861.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-768x1102.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-1070x1536.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-1427x2048.jpg 1427w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-scaled.jpg 1784w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_784309\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Prince Charles Edward Stuart Disguised as &#8220;Betty Burke&#8221; (1888)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second document is an excerpt from a series of interviews conducted with a Conservative British politician and aristocrat shortly before his death. They were published in <em>Blackwood\u2019s<\/em> magazine. Lord Lamington reminisces about the \u201cpolished and brilliant society\u201d of the 1830s and 1840s, which he and his interviewer lament no longer exists. In this passage, \u201cA\u201d stands for author, that is, Lord Lamington, who has written his memoirs, and \u201cMaga\u201d for the magazine\u2019s publisher who interviews him. Lamington spends some time discussing the Count d\u2019Orsay, a French artist and man of fashion who married into the English aristocracy, but went bankrupt in the last years of his life. (D\u2019Orsay was the model for the <em>New Yorker<\/em> magazine\u2019s Eustace Tilley.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_493792\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Blackwood, In the Days of the Dandies, pg 4-7<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1676\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Illustrated cover depicting three soldiers, two gentleman and a woman holding the arm of one of the men.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13497\" data-id=\"13497\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-scaled.jpg 1676w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-scaled-300x458.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-scaled-600x916.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-670x1024.jpg 670w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-768x1173.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-1005x1536.jpg 1005w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_title-page-1341x2048.jpg 1341w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1676px) 100vw, 1676px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Blackwood, In the Days of the Dandies, cover (1890)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1967\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21646\" data-id=\"21646\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp4-5_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp4-5_mod-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp4-5_mod-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp4-5_mod-scaled-600x461.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp4-5_mod-1024x787.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp4-5_mod-768x590.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp4-5_mod-1536x1180.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp4-5_mod-2048x1573.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Blackwood, In the Days of the Dandies, pg 4-5 (1890)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1957\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21645\" data-id=\"21645\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp6-7_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp6-7_mod-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp6-7_mod-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp6-7_mod-scaled-600x459.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp6-7_mod-1024x783.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp6-7_mod-768x587.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp6-7_mod-1536x1174.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/In-the-Days-of-the-Dandies_pp6-7_mod-2048x1566.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Blackwood, In the Days of the Dandies, pg 6-7 (1890)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Describe the two portraits of Charles Edward Stuart. What differences and similarities do you notice between them? In what ways would you characterize his appearance as masculine or feminine in each portrait? Does he appear beautiful?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does Lord Lamington mean by the term <em>dandy<\/em>? What qualities do\u2014or did\u2014dandies possess? What is the role of class in the making of a dandy?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider the description of Count d\u2019Orsay specifically. What are the qualities that made d\u2019Orsay an impressive or memorable person in Lamington\u2019s eyes?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does sexual identity seem to be a factor in Lamington\u2019s descriptions of d\u2019Orsay or in any other passages from this text? Why or why not? Do you think that such attention to men\u2019s fashion and appearance would be associated with sexual identity today? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Trials of Oscar Wilde<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oscar Wilde\u2019s vaguely scandalous reputation took a devastating turn in 1895 when Wilde participated in three court cases. The first, he initiated as a libel suit against the Marquess of Queensbury, the father of Wilde\u2019s lover, Lord Alfred Douglas. Queensbury had accused Wilde of \u201cposing somdomite\u201d (that is, pretending to be a sodomite, a man who has sex with other men) and Wilde sued to clear his name, assuming that Queensbury could have no proof. Queensbury hired private detectives who produced a great deal of evidence, not only incriminating letters that Wilde had written to Douglas, but testimony of Wilde\u2019s liaisons with young, working-class, male prostitutes as well. Wilde lost the case and found himself immediately prosecuted by the state on the basis of the evidence that Queensbury had produced in the libel trial. The charges were \u201cgross indecency\u201d\u2014sexual acts\u2014\u201cwith another male person.\u201d The jury did not reach a verdict in this trial, but the prosecution brought the case again and, this time, Wilde was found guilty. He received the maximum sentence: two years in prison with hard labor. Upon his release, he left England for France and spent the last three years of his life in poverty and exile. He died of cerebral meningitis in 1900.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is worth noting that the law that Wilde was convicted of breaking was itself less than a decade old. The Labouchere Amendment, as it was known, was hastily added to an 1885 law intended to protect young women from prostitution. English law already prohibited sodomy, though it was rarely prosecuted. The amendment provided a way to punish same-sex relations, even when sodomy could not be proved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the trial, Wilde eloquently defended \u201cthe love that dares not speak its name\u201d (a phrase taken from a poem by Lord Alfred Douglas). It is \u201ca great affection of an elder for a younger man,\u201d he said, \u201cas there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare. It is that deep, spiritual affection that is as pure as it is perfect. It dictates and pervades great works of art.\u201d Wilde\u2019s words would make him a hero to defenders of gay rights in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_622522\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Public Opinion, Oscar Wilde&#8217;s Disgrace, pg 374-375<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1758\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13504\" data-id=\"13504\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-scaled.jpg 1758w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-scaled-300x437.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-scaled-600x874.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-703x1024.jpg 703w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-768x1119.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-1055x1536.jpg 1055w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-1406x2048.jpg 1406w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1758px) 100vw, 1758px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Public Opinion, Oscar Wilde&#8217;s Disgrace, table of contents (1895)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1719\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21647\" data-id=\"21647\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-scaled.jpg 1719w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-scaled-300x447.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-scaled-600x894.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-687x1024.jpg 687w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-768x1144.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-1031x1536.jpg 1031w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p374_mod-1375x2048.jpg 1375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Public Opinion, Oscar Wilde&#8217;s Disgrace, pg 374<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1609\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21648\" data-id=\"21648\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-scaled.jpg 1609w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-scaled-300x477.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-scaled-600x955.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-644x1024.jpg 644w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-768x1222.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-966x1536.jpg 966w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_p375_mod-1287x2048.jpg 1287w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1609px) 100vw, 1609px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Public Opinion, Oscar Wilde&#8217;s Disgrace, pg 375<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the trials had the effect of hardening public attitudes against homosexuality in the years that followed. Scholars such as Alan Sinfield and Douglas O. Linder argue, \u201cMany same-sex relations that appeared innocent before the Wilde trials became suspect after the trials.\u201d Previously accepted qualities among educated men, such as a love of art or attention to fashion or an effeminate style, were now increasingly perceived as evidence of gay identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The document below represents commentary on the trials that appeared in various U.S. newspapers and was compiled by the New York weekly <em>Public Opinion<\/em>. Wilde was well known in the United States. In 1882 he had gone on a very successful lecture tour throughout the country in which he presented his ideas on aestheticism. <em>The Picture of Dorian Gray<\/em> was first published in the Philadelphia magazine <em>Lippincott\u2019s<\/em> in 1890 before it appeared in London in book form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did U.S. newspapers write about Wilde\u2019s trials and alleged crimes? If you did not have any additional information, would you be able to tell what exactly Wilde was accused of? How would you or wouldn\u2019t you?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the newspapers\u2019 language tell you about prevailing ideas about homosexuality in the United States at the turn of the century? What connections do the papers draw between homosexuality and the Aesthetic movement?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does \u201cWilde\u2019s disgrace\u201d provide the basis for these American newspapers to criticize other aspects of English culture, such as the aristocracy and the press?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Criminals and Their Punishment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two texts below offer competing understandings of what it means to be a person convicted of a crime. The first piece was published in the London weekly magazine <em>The Speaker<\/em>, which featured articles on politics, science, and the arts. It presents increasingly popular, pseudoscientific theories associating certain physical and intellectual characteristics with a propensity to commit crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_720897\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Speaker, The Criminal Appearance, pg 13-14<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1614\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13503\" data-id=\"13503\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-scaled.jpg 1614w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-scaled-300x476.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-scaled-600x952.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-646x1024.jpg 646w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-768x1218.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-968x1536.jpg 968w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-1291x2048.jpg 1291w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1614px) 100vw, 1614px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Speaker, The Criminal Appearance, pg 13 (1899)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1558\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21649\" data-id=\"21649\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-scaled.jpg 1558w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-scaled-300x493.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-scaled-600x986.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-623x1024.jpg 623w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-768x1262.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-935x1536.jpg 935w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Criminal-Appearance_p14_mod-1246x2048.jpg 1246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1558px) 100vw, 1558px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Speaker, The Criminal Appearance, pg 14 (1899)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second text is an excerpt from Oscar Wilde\u2019s long poem, <em>The Ballad of Reading Gaol<\/em>, published after his release from prison. The narrative is based on the life of Charles Thomas Wooldridge who was executed at the prison (or <em>gaol<\/em>, pronounced as \u201cjail\u201d) in Reading, England, on July 7, 1896, for cutting the throat of his estranged wife whom he suspected of adultery. Wilde was imprisoned at Reading at the same time and observed Wooldridge, though they never met. He published the ballad anonymously, using his prisoner identification number, C.3.3, instead of his name. It was a great commercial success, going through seven editions in two years, while few knew the author\u2019s identity. It was the last book Wilde published during his lifetime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_770633\" target=\"_blank\">Wilde<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_770633\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">,<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_770633\" target=\"_blank\"> The Ballad of Reading Gaol, pg 1-3; 26-27<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1527\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13500\" data-id=\"13500\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-scaled.jpg 1527w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-scaled-300x503.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-scaled-600x1006.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-179x300.jpg 179w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-611x1024.jpg 611w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-768x1288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-916x1536.jpg 916w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-1221x2048.jpg 1221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1527px) 100vw, 1527px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, title page (1898)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1494\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21654\" data-id=\"21654\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-scaled.jpg 1494w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-scaled-300x514.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-scaled-600x1028.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-175x300.jpg 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-598x1024.jpg 598w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-768x1316.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-896x1536.jpg 896w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p1_mod-1195x2048.jpg 1195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1494px) 100vw, 1494px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, pg 1<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1514\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21650\" data-id=\"21650\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-scaled.jpg 1514w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-scaled-300x507.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-scaled-600x1015.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-177x300.jpg 177w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-606x1024.jpg 606w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-768x1298.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-909x1536.jpg 909w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p2-1212x2048.jpg 1212w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1514px) 100vw, 1514px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, pg 2 (1898)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1482\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21651\" data-id=\"21651\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-scaled.jpg 1482w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-scaled-300x518.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-scaled-600x1036.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-174x300.jpg 174w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-593x1024.jpg 593w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-768x1327.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-889x1536.jpg 889w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p3_mod-1186x2048.jpg 1186w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1482px) 100vw, 1482px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, pg 3<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1507\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21652\" data-id=\"21652\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-scaled.jpg 1507w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-scaled-300x510.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-scaled-600x1019.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-177x300.jpg 177w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-603x1024.jpg 603w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-768x1304.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-904x1536.jpg 904w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p26_mod-1206x2048.jpg 1206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1507px) 100vw, 1507px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, pg 26 (1898)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1455\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"Page of text\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-21653\" data-id=\"21653\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-scaled.jpg 1455w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-scaled-300x528.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-scaled-600x1056.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-171x300.jpg 171w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-582x1024.jpg 582w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-768x1351.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-873x1536.jpg 873w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_p27_mod-1164x2048.jpg 1164w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1455px) 100vw, 1455px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, pg 27 (1898)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is the author\u2019s argument in the magazine article \u201cThe Criminal Appearance\u201d? What are the \u201ctwo orders\u201d of crime that the author identifies? How do these two categories of crime correspond to two \u201cclasses,\u201d or types, of appearance?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to this author, are criminals almost always recognizable as such, even when they are not committing a crime? How are they recognizable and by whom?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do Stevenson and Wilde explore the idea that a person\u2019s crimes become manifest in the person\u2019s appearance? Does Edward Hyde fit the description of either of the physical types identified in \u201cThe Criminal Appearance\u201d?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Dorian Gray\u2019s perpetually youthful and innocent appearance affect other characters\u2019 responses to him? What are the physical changes that he and, later, Basil perceive in his portrait?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think that Victorian writers, such as the author of \u201cThe Criminal Appearance,\u201d were so committed to the idea that a person\u2019s moral character and propensity to crime could be read in his or her physical appearance? Why is the idea of completely dissociating morality and appearance so appealing to Henry Jekyll and Dorian Gray? Do you think that a person\u2019s physical appearance usually reflects his or her moral character?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Wilde portray the prisoners in <em>The Ballad of Reading Gaol<\/em>? Are they different from other people or monstrous in the way the magazine article suggests all criminals are?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are Wilde\u2019s criticisms of the prison system?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think Wilde wrote this poem as a ballad, that is, the popular, folk, poetic form?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1992\" data-id=\"13494\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled-600x467.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_632576\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mme B. as L\u00e9onie, 1891<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"636\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"13495\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-636x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-636x1024.jpg 636w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-scaled-300x483.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-scaled-600x966.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-186x300.jpg 186w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-768x1236.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-954x1536.jpg 954w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-1272x2048.jpg 1272w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_title-page-scaled.jpg 1590w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_779161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mansfield on Performing Jekyll\/Hyde, 1909<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"847\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"16036\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-847x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16036\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-847x1024.jpg 847w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-300x363.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-600x726.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-768x929.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-1270x1536.jpg 1270w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-1693x2048.jpg 1693w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 847px) 100vw, 847px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1888<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"713\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"13496\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-713x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-713x1024.jpg 713w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-scaled-300x430.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-scaled-600x861.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-768x1102.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-1070x1536.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-1427x2048.jpg 1427w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-World_Prince-Charles-Stuart-as-Betty-Burke-scaled.jpg 1784w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_784309\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Charles as Betty, 1888<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"611\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"13500\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-611x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-611x1024.jpg 611w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-scaled-300x503.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-scaled-600x1006.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-179x300.jpg 179w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-768x1288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-916x1536.jpg 916w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-1221x2048.jpg 1221w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilde_Ballad-of-Reading-Gaol_title-page-scaled.jpg 1527w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_770633\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reading Gaol, 1898<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"764\" data-id=\"13501\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-1024x764.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13501\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-1024x764.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-scaled-600x448.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-1536x1146.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Real-Ghost-Stories_tp-and-frontispiece_uncropped-2048x1528.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_632576-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ghost in Each of Us, 1891<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"621\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"13502\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-621x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-621x1024.jpg 621w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-scaled-300x495.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-scaled-600x989.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-182x300.jpg 182w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-768x1266.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-932x1536.jpg 932w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-1242x2048.jpg 1242w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Wilstach_Richard-Mansfield_Mansfield-as-Jekyll-and-Hyde-scaled.jpg 1553w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_779161-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mansfield as Jekyll\/Hyde, 1909<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"646\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"13503\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-646x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13503\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-646x1024.jpg 646w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-scaled-300x476.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-scaled-600x952.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-768x1218.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-968x1536.jpg 968w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-1291x2048.jpg 1291w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Criminal-Appearance_p13_mod-scaled.jpg 1614w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_720897\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Criminal Appearance, 1899<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"703\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"13504\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-703x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-703x1024.jpg 703w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-scaled-300x437.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-scaled-600x874.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-768x1119.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-1055x1536.jpg 1055w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-1406x2048.jpg 1406w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oscar-Wildes-Disgrace_table-of-contents-scaled.jpg 1758w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 703px) 100vw, 703px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_622522\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oscar Wilde&#8217;s Disgrace, 1895<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foucault, Michel. <em>The History of Sexuality: An Introduction<\/em>. Volume 1. Vintage: New York, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Koven, Seth. <em>Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London<\/em>. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lindner, Douglas O. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/law2.umkc.edu\/faculty\/projects\/ftrials\/wilde\/wilde.htm\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Trials of Oscar Wilde. 1895<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. <em>Epistemology of the Closet<\/em>. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sinfield, Alan. \u201cQueer Thinking.\u201d In <em>The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde and the Queer Movement<\/em>. Columbia University Press: New York, 1994. 1\u201324.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Showalter, Elaine. \u201cDr.&nbsp;Jekyll\u2019s Closet.\u201d In <em>Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siecle<\/em>. Viking: New York, 1990. 105\u2013126.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stevenson, Robert Louis. <em>Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Other Tales<\/em>. Oxford University Press: New York, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wilde, Oscar. <em>The Picture of Dorian Gray<\/em>. Oxford University Press: New York, 2008.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How did writers and audiences in late Victorian England and America explore the idea of a hidden or double self? In what ways did representations of this self speak to changing understandings of sexuality, gender, and class?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13494,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[83,164],"tags":[168],"class_list":["post-14372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-literature"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Review-of-Reviews_Leonie_pp18-19-scaled.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14372","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14372"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14372\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23023,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14372\/revisions\/23023"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14372"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14372"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14372"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}