{"id":14389,"date":"2018-04-13T20:42:21","date_gmt":"2018-04-13T20:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14389"},"modified":"2025-06-03T20:49:39","modified_gmt":"2025-06-03T20:49:39","slug":"the_discovery_of_chocolate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14389","title":{"rendered":"The European Discovery of Chocolate"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_498260\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-788x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16575\" style=\"width:282px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-788x1024.jpg 788w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-scaled-300x390.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-scaled-600x780.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-768x998.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-1182x1536.jpg 1182w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-1576x2048.jpg 1576w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-scaled.jpg 1970w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_498260\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jean Baptiste Labat, <em>Nieuwe reizen naar de Franse eilanden van America <\/em>(1725), Plate opposite page 138. Full excerpt below.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Although chocolate was unknown to Europeans before the discovery of the Americas, it quickly found its way onto tables of the elite. This product of the Columbian Exchange was consumed in the Americas for thousands of years prior to its first introductions to Spain by explorers and missionaries in the first half of the sixteenth century. People originally indulged in chocolate as a beverage, combining a paste of roasted cacao beans with water and other flavorings. The mixing process was an elaborate one, complete with distinct vessels and equipment for producing the beverage\u2019s particular texture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of Spanish colonial and missionary activities, chocolate was first popular among the Spanish aristocracy. But soon, other European elites began to crave chocolate. As a new, exotic, rare, and expensive commodity, chocolate was a high-status beverage. When combined with similarly exotic and expensive ingredients, such as sugar and spices, chocolate became the ultimate luxury drink. Colonial powers relied upon local and imported slaves to harvest and process cacao, a notoriously labor-intensive crop. The reliance upon slave labor coincided with complementary crops that flourished in New World colonies like sugar, coffee, and tobacco.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_680270\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"572\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-572x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16580\" style=\"width:340px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-572x1024.jpg 572w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-scaled-300x537.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-scaled-600x1075.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-768x1376.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-858x1536.jpg 858w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-1143x2048.jpg 1143w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-scaled.jpg 1429w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_680270\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">D. Qu\u00e9lus, <em>Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s<\/em> (1719), Plate 1, opposite page 3. Full excerpt below.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As chocolate became widely known and consumed throughout Europe, everyone seemed to publicize their opinions about it. Cacao appeared in discussions of economic matters by kings and parliaments, as it was a highly profitable good for European imperial powers. Physicians touted chocolate\u2019s medical benefits. In fact, entire treatises were printed on this very topic. Various preparations and ingredients could tailor the drink to ease specific ailments. Chocolate even found its way into religious debates during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Two orders within the Catholic Church, the Jesuits and Dominicans, clashed over whether it could be ingested during periods of religious fasting. Writings about chocolate were printed throughout Europe in multiple languages, including Dutch, English, French, German, and Spanish. These texts explored the medical and commercial value, religious implications, and the pleasure of chocolate in the Old and New Worlds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the early nineteenth century, new technologies were developed to industrialize the processing of cacao and manufacturing of chocolate products. Mechanical processing increased the number of products which could be produced from cacao, including Dutch process cocoa, cacao butter, and milk chocolate. Decades of new innovations led to chocolate as the food we know today, consumed in a solid form, as syrups and powders with milk, and combined with sugary concoctions like caramel and marshmallows in inexpensive treats. Knowing the complex past of chocolate helps us see that even the most ordinary of foods has an extraordinary history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Essential Questions<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In what ways did indigenous peoples of the Americas view cacao? How did Europeans view cacao? How did these views shape interactions with indigenous peoples and trade between the Americas and Europe?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How was cacao used and consumed by indigenous peoples and Europeans?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What information did travelers, missionaries, and colonists relay to other Europeans about cacao? Why did they present that information?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cacao from the New World: A Botanical Exploration<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Until the eighteenth century, explorers, travelers, and missionaries were typically so astounded by the people, land, and natural resources in the New World that they recorded their accounts and published them when they returned to Europe. Tens of volumes were created by such authors, although the writers had a variety of intentions for printing their accounts. Some sought fame, others desired more professional expertise, while others sought more European financial interests in the New World. Regardless of their goals and intended audiences, many of these authors left us valuable early descriptions of resources, like cacao. Some publications contained only text, and were therefore easy to produce and cheaper to sell. Still others contained woodcuts and engravings, sometimes brightly colored, piquing interest in these exotic new foods and drinks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_458872-2\" data-type=\"URL\"><strong>Selection: William Hughes, <em>The American physitian, or, A treatise of the roots, plants, trees, shrubs, fruit, herbs, &amp;c. growing in the English plantations in America : describing the place, time, names, kindes, temperature, vertues and uses of them, either for diet, physick, &amp;c <\/em>(1672).<\/strong><\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"599\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16570\" data-id=\"16570\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-599x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-599x1024.jpg 599w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-scaled-300x513.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-scaled-600x1025.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-176x300.jpg 176w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-768x1312.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-899x1536.jpg 899w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-1199x2048.jpg 1199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hughes, The American physitian (1672), title page.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"607\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16571\" data-id=\"16571\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-607x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-607x1024.jpg 607w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-scaled-300x506.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-scaled-600x1012.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-178x300.jpg 178w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-768x1295.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-911x1536.jpg 911w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-1215x2048.jpg 1215w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_112_o2-scaled.jpg 1518w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hughes, The American physitian (1672), 112.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16572\" data-id=\"16572\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-618x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-618x1024.jpg 618w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-scaled-300x497.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-scaled-600x995.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-181x300.jpg 181w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-768x1274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-926x1536.jpg 926w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-1235x2048.jpg 1235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_113_o2-scaled.jpg 1544w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hughes, The American physitian (1672), 113.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"596\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16574\" data-id=\"16574\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-596x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-596x1024.jpg 596w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-scaled-300x515.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-scaled-600x1031.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-175x300.jpg 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-768x1320.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-894x1536.jpg 894w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-1192x2048.jpg 1192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_114_o2-scaled.jpg 1490w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hughes, The American physitian (1672), 114.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"642\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16569\" data-id=\"16569\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-642x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-642x1024.jpg 642w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-scaled-300x479.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-scaled-600x958.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-768x1226.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-963x1536.jpg 963w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-1283x2048.jpg 1283w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_115_o2-scaled.jpg 1604w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hughes, The American physitian (1672), 115.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Many writers focused, at least in part, on botanical descriptions. The following descriptions of cacao are excerpts from larger sections on the plant. Hughes wrote about the size, shape, growing conditions, etc. of cacao, while Labat\u2019s work includes elaborate and colorful engravings. Hughes, a British physician who traveled to Jamaica, recorded his observations about New World botanical life. His description of cacao is among the longest in the book, also suggesting recipes and medical uses. Both also detail additional information which is not included here about the native uses, European culinary and medical applications, and cultivation techniques. Hughes\u2019s book was printed in his native England, while Labat\u2019s, a French priest, was published in the Netherlands in Dutch with occasional French text and captions. Both Hughes and Labat spent considerable time traveling in the Caribbean; this allowed them to produce more detailed work than other writers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hughes and Labat use different media to depict the cacao and thus their descriptions relay different amounts of information. Observe how Hughes labors over growing and harvesting instructions and various terminologies. This is typical for descriptions of the features of cacao in many contemporary sources, including the text in Labat. While useful, this contrasts dramatically with the visual depiction in Labat\u2019s volume. This work is a Dutch translation of the journals of Labat from his extensive travels on the islands of the Caribbean in the 1690s. Note the extraordinarily detail of the images. The color, especially, was a rarity for the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_498260\" data-type=\"URL\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Selection: Jean Baptiste Labat,<em> Nieuwe reizen naar de Franse eilanden van America <\/em>(1725).<\/strong><\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16576\" data-id=\"16576\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-761x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-761x1024.jpg 761w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-scaled-300x404.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-scaled-600x808.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-1141x1536.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-1522x2048.jpg 1522w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1902w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Labat, Nieuwe reizen naar de Franse eilanden van America (1725), title page.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16577\" data-id=\"16577\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-788x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-788x1024.jpg 788w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-scaled-300x390.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-scaled-600x780.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-768x998.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-1182x1536.jpg 1182w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-1576x2048.jpg 1576w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_134_o2-scaled.jpg 1970w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Labat, Nieuwe reizen naar de Franse eilanden van America (1725), Plate opposite page 134.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16575\" data-id=\"16575\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-788x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-788x1024.jpg 788w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-scaled-300x390.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-scaled-600x780.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-768x998.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-1182x1536.jpg 1182w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-1576x2048.jpg 1576w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_plt_138_o2-scaled.jpg 1970w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Labat, Nieuwe reizen naar de Franse eilanden van America (1725), Plate opposite page 138.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Note the particular characteristics of cacao each author emphasizes. Their styles and presentation are very different; who are their audiences? What role does language play? Is one depiction more effective than another? Do the authors give any clues about their intentions?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hughes wrote a single-volume book, while Labat\u2019s journals were divided into a multi-volume set with very large books. As part of a general interest in the scientific aspects of the world (and universe) Many contemporary books about the natural world were being produced as multi-volume sets, containing similar types of images and descriptions. Despite seeing only two images from Labat\u2019s work, what can you surmise about Labat and his publisher? How did they fit into a broader publishing trend?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When examining these sources, consider that Hughes and Labat also conveyed similar information about many other exotic items now familiar around the world, including corn, potatoes, chili peppers, and banana. Does this change the context of the sources? Do you think the sections about cacao would still seem important or notable?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do we learn about the cacao tree and pods? How would this information be valuable to Europeans, who do not live in a climate conducive to growing this crop? Might it be related to a desire to promote European cultivation of the plant in the New World?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Imagining Chocolate\u2019s Exotic Origins<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_515380\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-763x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16558\" style=\"width:276px;height:370px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-763x1024.jpg 763w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-scaled-300x403.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-scaled-600x805.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-768x1031.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-1144x1536.jpg 1144w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-1526x2048.jpg 1526w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2_Leon-scaled.jpg 1907w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_515380\">Antonio de Le\u00f3n Pinelo, <em>Question moral si el chocolate quebranta el ayuno eclesiastico<\/em> (1636), title page.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>When the exotic beverage made from cacao made its way to Europe, drinking chocolate quickly became popular in noble courts throughout England and the Continent. Europeans were interested in this new drink, and travelers who encountered it in the Americas were more than happy to provide detailed information about their experiences. A wide range of sources described chocolate\u2019s exotic origins: travel accounts, books about foods and drinks, maps, and more. The sources in this section fall into these categories, all produced at different times for different audiences, yet each conveying distinct information about the American origins of one of Europe\u2019s favorite beverages. The image to the left is the decorative title page of a book that was part of the European debate about the morality of drinking chocolate during periods of fasting in the Catholic Church. It depicts an Indigenous woman holding a cacao plant and a cacao branch with pods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>European travel accounts, in particular, are closely related to the previous section\u2019s sources. In fact, there is some overlap in the types of information they provide about cacao. However, Benzoni and Acosta\u2019s books, excerpted below, include more indigenous cultural and ceremonial information. Acosta even provides a lengthy account of an indigenous religious ceremony involving chocolate which is not included here. Benzoni describes the cacavate, or cacao, in Mexico and includes an image of cacao pods drying on a mat. He recounts his own experience drinking it, first criticizing it as a drink for pigs, then stating it was satisfying and refreshing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_230822\/\"><strong>Selection: Girolamo Benzoni, <em>La historia del Mondo Nuovo<\/em> (1565).<\/strong><\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"717\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16568\" data-id=\"16568\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-717x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-717x1024.jpg 717w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-scaled-300x429.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-scaled-600x857.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-768x1097.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-1075x1536.jpg 1075w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-1434x2048.jpg 1434w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1792w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Benzoni, La historia del Mondo Nuovo (1565), title page.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"711\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16566\" data-id=\"16566\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_101v_102r_o2-1024x711.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_101v_102r_o2-1024x711.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_101v_102r_o2-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_101v_102r_o2-scaled-600x417.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_101v_102r_o2-768x534.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_101v_102r_o2-1536x1067.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_101v_102r_o2-2048x1423.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Benzoni, La historia del Mondo Nuovo (1565), 101v-102r.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"711\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16567\" data-id=\"16567\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_102v_103r_o2-1024x711.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_102v_103r_o2-1024x711.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_102v_103r_o2-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_102v_103r_o2-scaled-600x417.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_102v_103r_o2-768x534.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_102v_103r_o2-1536x1067.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_folio_102v_103r_o2-2048x1423.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Benzoni, La historia del Mondo Nuovo (1565), 102v-103r.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Translation of excerpt from Benzoni, <em>La historia del Mondo Nuovo<\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The other is cacavate, which they use as money, and is produced on a moderately sized tree, that flourishes only in very warm and shady localities; for if shone upon by the sun, it would die. It is therefore planted in the woods in moist places, and this not being sufficient, they plant a tree near it that grows larger, and when it has reached a sufficient height, they double down its head so as to shelter the other and shade it, preventing the sun from giving it any annoyance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The fruit is like almonds, lying in a shell resembling a pumpkin in size. It ripens in the course of a year, and being plucked when the season has arrived, they pick out the kernels and lay them on mats to dry; then when they wish for the beverage, they roast them in an earthen pan over the fire, and grind them with the stones which they use for preparing bread. Finally, they put the paste into cups, made out of the calabashes produced by a certain tree that grows all over India; and mixing it gradually with water, sometimes adding a little of their spice, they drink it, though seeming more suited for pigs than for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I was upwards of a year in that country without ever being induced to taste this beverage; and when I passed through a tribe, if an Indian wished occasionally to give me some, he was very much surprised to see me refuse it, and went away laughing. But subsequently, wine failing, and unwilling to drink nothing but water, I did as others did. The flavor is somewhat bitter, but it satisfies and refreshes the body without intoxicating: the Indians esteem it above everything, wherever they are accustomed to it.<\/p>\n<cite>Translation from William Henry Smyth,&nbsp;<em>History of the New World<\/em>&nbsp;(London: Printed for Hakluyt Society, 1857), 149\u201350.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These images and descriptions promote exoticism to heighten differences between indigenous Americans and Europeans. This helps promote a sense of superiority for European audiences and provides a justification for the social, economic, and cultural distinctions they promote as they colonize the New World and establish plantations and a system of slavery to produce and export their favorite goods. The exotic depictions in part imagine a faraway land with unusual and mysterious customs, but also make those customs (like the preparation of cacao into drinking chocolate) known to European audience and promote the very drink which has become popular in Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a Jesuit missionary, Acosta travelled through New Spain for fifteen years before returning to Europe. His book describes indigenous customs; climate; bodies of water; and plant, animal, and mineral resources in the New World.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_458872-2\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Jose de Acosta, <em>Histoire natvrelle et moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu&#8217;Occidentalles <\/em>(1598).<\/a><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16563\" data-id=\"16563\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-653x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-653x1024.jpg 653w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-scaled-300x471.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-scaled-600x942.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-768x1205.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-979x1536.jpg 979w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-1305x2048.jpg 1305w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">de Acosta, Histoire natvrelle et moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu\u2019Occidentalles (1598), title page.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"690\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16564\" data-id=\"16564\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-690x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-690x1024.jpg 690w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-scaled-300x445.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-scaled-600x890.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-768x1140.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-1035x1536.jpg 1035w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-1380x2048.jpg 1380w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171r_o2-scaled.jpg 1725w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">de Acosta, Histoire natvrelle et moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu\u2019Occidentalles (1598), folio 171r.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"692\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16565\" data-id=\"16565\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-692x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-692x1024.jpg 692w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-scaled-300x444.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-scaled-600x888.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-768x1137.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-1038x1536.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-1384x2048.jpg 1384w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_171v_o2-scaled.jpg 1729w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">de Acosta, Histoire natvrelle et moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu\u2019Occidentalles (1598), folio 171v.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"705\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16562\" data-id=\"16562\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-705x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-705x1024.jpg 705w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-scaled-300x435.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-scaled-600x871.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-768x1115.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-1058x1536.jpg 1058w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-1411x2048.jpg 1411w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_pg_172r_o2-scaled.jpg 1764w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">de Acosta, Histoire natvrelle et moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu\u2019Occidentalles (1598), folio 172r.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Translation of excerpt from de Acosta, <em>Histoire natvrelle et moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu&#8217;Occidentalles:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is so much prized among the Indians, and even among Spaniards, that it is one of the richest and most frequent objects of trade in New Spain; for because it is a dry fruit it can be kept for a long time without loss and ships loaded with it are brought from the province of Guatemala. And this past year an English pirate burned more than a hundred thousand loads of cacao in the port of Huatulco in New Spain. It is also used as money, for with five cocoa beans one thing can be bought, and with thirty another, and with a hundred another, and without haggling; and it is customary to give cocoa beans to the poor when they ask for alms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The chief value of this cocoa is a beverage that they make called chocolate, which is prized to the point of folly in that land. It is nauseating to some who are not accustomed to it, for it has froth on top and a sort of lees, which indeed require a good deal of effort to drink. Yet it is the most prized drink and is offered to noblemen as they pass through their lands. Both Indians and Spaniards, and especially Spanish women who have grown accustomed to the land, adore their black chocolate. They say that this chocolate is made in different forms and temperatures: hot and cold and lukewarm. They often put spices in it and much chile; they also make it in the form of a paste, and say that it is good for the chest and stomach and against catarrh. No matter what its uses, those who have not been brought up to it do not much care for it.<\/p>\n<cite>Translation from Jane Mangan, ed. <em>Natural and Moral History of the Indies<\/em>, translated by Frances M. L\u00f3pez-Morillas (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 209-210.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_345363-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"635\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-635x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16559\" style=\"width:185px;height:298px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-635x1024.jpg 635w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-scaled-300x484.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-scaled-600x968.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-186x300.jpg 186w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-768x1239.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-952x1536.jpg 952w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-1270x2048.jpg 1270w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-scaled.jpg 1587w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_345363-2\">Philippe Sylvestre Dufour, <em>Traitez nouveaux &amp; curieux du caf\u00e9, du th\u00e9 et du chocolate <\/em>(1688), plate 3<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors and artists in this section spent varying amounts of time in the Americas. Pinelo, Benzoni, and Acosta each lived and traveled in the Americas extensively; they each produced lengthy textual descriptions of their experiences, including their interactions with Cacao. Dufour did not spend any time in the New World, yet Dufour\u2019s treatise on several exotic caffeinated drinks (coffee, tea, and chocolate) is accompanied by images based on secondhand accounts and not firsthand knowledge. The engraving on the right depicts a man symbolizing chocolate and immediately precedes a lengthy description of the drink. Observe the implements at his feet associated with preparing chocolate, as well as the botanical images at the bottom of the page. Consider how this variation might result in different levels of accuracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What did Europeans think of drinking chocolate? Does this view seem consistent among sources? How does this relate to how people viewed indigenous Americans who drank this beverage?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did indigenous peoples and Europeans value cacao? Even as early as the sixteenth century, was very much making its way to Europe?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How was drinking chocolate related to social status? What status of Europeans and indigenous peoples drank this beverage?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What can we learn about the process of preparing harvested cacao pods and making it into a drink from the images in these sources? What kinds of tools are needed to prepare and drink the beverage? Do the implements differ between the images produced at different dates and for different audiences?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you think the authors and illustrators were accurate? Explain why or why not.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">European Interpretations of Chocolate<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Spanish explorers, missionaries, and colonists in the New World embraced drinking chocolate after adapting it to their own tastes. They interpreted the beverage to fit more familiar flavors, spices, temperatures, and methods. The Spanish made a few important changes before transporting the drink to Europe in the sixteenth century: they served chocolate hot, not cold; sweetened it with cane sugar, added Old World spices like cinnamon, anise, and black pepper rather than chili, maize, and other New World products; and produced a froth with a special stirring stick called a molinillo rather than relying on the pouring method the indigenous peoples used. These changes produced a drink irresistible to the noble European palate. Once in Europe, each region embraced slightly different flavors, preparation methods, and servingware.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chocolate was radically different from any other beverage available in Europe at the time. It entered the market at about the same time as tea and coffee; this was the first exposure most Europeans had to caffeine. Numerous authors commented on chocolate\u2019s side effects causing alertness, mental clarity, and promoting digestion. Physicians were fascinated with this new food, observing its effects and trying to codify its characteristics and uses as medical drug. The prevailing medical system of the time, called humoral theory, the body and all foods and medicines had specific properties, or humors. A body\u2019s humors had to be balanced or else a person would become sick. One could consume foods, drinks, and medicines with humors to balance bodily humors. Chocolate had the ability to balance many different humors, depending upon if the drink was hot or cold, or if it was mixed with other ingredients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors presented in this section authored major treatises on chocolate, devoting large sections on its culinary and medical preparations. There are substantial differences between them, however. Stubbe\u2019s book was published in seventeenth-century England, while Qu\u00e9lus printed his treatise in eighteenth-century France. Stubbe was an English physician, and his book is a medical discussion of chocolate and a critique of other physicians\u2019 assessments. One of Stubbe\u2019s goals is to convince England that chocolate is a powerful medicine and he is the country\u2019s expert on it. Stubbe copied, referred to, and refuted the work of many contemporary physicians around Europe. Qu\u00e9lus, on the other hand, stated in his preface that he wanted to create an original work based entirely on his observations. He lived in the French American islands for fifteen years. While there, he carefully observed cacao as a plant and product. The book contains his diagrams as well as textual descriptions, medical virtues, and culinary and medical preparations. He combined botanical descriptions and diagrams with firsthand accounts of cacao preparation in the Americas as well as his own extensive medical observations. Qu\u00e9lus\u2019s treatise can also be compared to the other travel accounts describing chocolate listed above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_707885\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Henry Stubbe, <em>The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata<\/em> (1662).<\/a><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16599\" data-id=\"16599\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-668x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-668x1024.jpg 668w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-scaled-300x460.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-scaled-600x920.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-768x1178.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-1001x1536.jpg 1001w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-1335x2048.jpg 1335w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1669w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), title page.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"675\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16602\" data-id=\"16602\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-675x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-675x1024.jpg 675w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-scaled-300x455.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-scaled-600x910.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-768x1165.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-1013x1536.jpg 1013w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-1351x2048.jpg 1351w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_13_o2-scaled.jpg 1688w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 13.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"711\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16595\" data-id=\"16595\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-711x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-711x1024.jpg 711w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-scaled-300x432.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-scaled-600x864.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-768x1106.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-1067x1536.jpg 1067w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-1422x2048.jpg 1422w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_14_o2-scaled.jpg 1778w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 14. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16596\" data-id=\"16596\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-683x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-scaled-300x450.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-scaled-600x900.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-1366x2048.jpg 1366w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_15_o2-scaled.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 15<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"715\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16601\" data-id=\"16601\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-715x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-715x1024.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-scaled-300x430.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-scaled-600x859.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-768x1099.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-1073x1536.jpg 1073w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-1431x2048.jpg 1431w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-scaled.jpg 1788w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 102.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16588\" data-id=\"16588\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-710x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-710x1024.jpg 710w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-scaled-300x433.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-scaled-600x866.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-768x1108.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-1065x1536.jpg 1065w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-1419x2048.jpg 1419w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_103_o2-scaled.jpg 1774w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 103.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"716\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16589\" data-id=\"16589\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-716x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-716x1024.jpg 716w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-scaled-300x429.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-scaled-600x858.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-768x1098.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-1074x1536.jpg 1074w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-1432x2048.jpg 1432w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_104_o2-scaled.jpg 1790w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 104.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"707\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16590\" data-id=\"16590\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-707x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-707x1024.jpg 707w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-scaled-300x435.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-scaled-600x869.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-768x1113.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-1060x1536.jpg 1060w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-1414x2048.jpg 1414w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_105_o2-scaled.jpg 1767w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 105.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"711\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16600\" data-id=\"16600\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-711x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-711x1024.jpg 711w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-scaled-300x432.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-scaled-600x864.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-768x1106.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-1066x1536.jpg 1066w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-1422x2048.jpg 1422w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_106_o2-scaled.jpg 1777w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 106.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"698\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16592\" data-id=\"16592\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-698x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-698x1024.jpg 698w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-scaled-300x440.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-scaled-600x880.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-768x1126.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-1047x1536.jpg 1047w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-1397x2048.jpg 1397w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_107_o2-scaled.jpg 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Stubbe, The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata (1662), 107.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_680270\"><strong>Selection: D. Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719).<\/strong><\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"569\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16581\" data-id=\"16581\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-569x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-569x1024.jpg 569w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled-300x540.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled-600x1079.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-167x300.jpg 167w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-768x1382.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-854x1536.jpg 854w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-1138x2048.jpg 1138w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1423w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719), title page.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"572\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16580\" data-id=\"16580\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-572x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-572x1024.jpg 572w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-scaled-300x537.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-scaled-600x1075.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-768x1376.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-858x1536.jpg 858w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-1143x2048.jpg 1143w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-scaled.jpg 1429w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719), Plate 1, opposite page 3.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16586\" data-id=\"16586\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-650x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-650x1024.jpg 650w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-scaled-300x473.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-scaled-600x945.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-768x1210.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-975x1536.jpg 975w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-1300x2048.jpg 1300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_97_o2-1-scaled.jpg 1625w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719), 97.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16583\" data-id=\"16583\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-652x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-scaled-300x471.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-scaled-600x942.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-978x1536.jpg 978w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-1304x2048.jpg 1304w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_98_o2-scaled.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719), 98.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16584\" data-id=\"16584\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-620x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-620x1024.jpg 620w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-scaled-300x496.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-scaled-600x992.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-182x300.jpg 182w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-768x1269.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-929x1536.jpg 929w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-1239x2048.jpg 1239w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_99_o2-scaled.jpg 1549w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719), 99.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"632\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16587\" data-id=\"16587\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-632x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-632x1024.jpg 632w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-scaled-300x486.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-scaled-600x972.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-185x300.jpg 185w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-768x1244.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-948x1536.jpg 948w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-1265x2048.jpg 1265w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_100_o2-1-scaled.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719), 100.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"628\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16578\" data-id=\"16578\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-628x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-628x1024.jpg 628w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-scaled-300x489.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-scaled-600x978.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-184x300.jpg 184w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-768x1252.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-942x1536.jpg 942w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-1256x2048.jpg 1256w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_115_o2-scaled.jpg 1570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719), 115.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"631\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16579\" data-id=\"16579\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-631x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-631x1024.jpg 631w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-scaled-300x486.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-scaled-600x973.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-185x300.jpg 185w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-768x1245.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-947x1536.jpg 947w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-1263x2048.jpg 1263w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_pg_116_o2-scaled.jpg 1579w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Qu\u00e9lus, Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s (1719), 116.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Translation of excerpt from Qu\u00e9lus, <em>Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9<\/em>e en duex trait\u00e9s, Plate 1<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. A cacao pod depicted at approximately one third of its natural size.<br>2. Half of this same pod cut across.<br>3. A  bean of its natural size.<br>4. The same bean hulled from its outer skin.<br>5. Small cacao pod at one month.<br>6. Cacao flowers in bud and blooming.<\/p>\n<cite>Translated by the author<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Translation of excerpt from Qu\u00e9lus, <em>Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9<\/em>e en duex trait\u00e9s, 97-100:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Indians<\/em>, who have used this Drink time out of mind, prepared it without any great Art; they roasted their Kernels in earthen Pots, then ground them between two Stones, diluted them with hot Water, and season\u2019d them with <em>Pimento<\/em>: those who were more curious, added <em>Achiota<\/em> to give it a Colour, and <em>Attolla<\/em> to augment its Substance. All these things joined together, gave to the Composition so strange a Look, and so odd a Taste, that a <em>Spanish<\/em> Soldier said, it was more fit to be thrown to Hogs, than presented to Men; and that he could never have accustomed himself to it, if the want of Wine had not forced him to it, that he might not always be obliged to drink nothing but Water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Spaniards<\/em> taught by the <em>Mexicans<\/em>, and convinced by their own Experience, that this Drink, as rustick as it appeared to them, nevertheless yielded very wholesome Nourishment; try\u2019d to make it more agreeable by the Addition of Sugar, some Oriental Spices, and Things that grew there, which it will be needless to mention, because the Names of them are not so much as known here, and because of so many Ingredients, there is none continued down to us but <em>Vanilla<\/em>; in like manner, that Cinnamonis the only Spice which has had general Approbation, and remains in the Composition of Chocolate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Vanilla<\/em> is a Cod of a brown Colour and delicate Smell; it is flatter and longer than our [<em>French<\/em>] Beans, it contains a luscious Substance, full of little black shining Grains. They must be chosen fresh, full, and well grown, and care must be taken that they are not smeared with Balsam, nor put in a moist Place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The agreeable Smell, and exquisite Taste that they communicate to Chocolate, have prodigiusly recommended it; but long Experience having taught that it heats very much, its Use is become less frequent, and those who prefer their Health more than pleasing their Senses, abstain from it entirely. In <em>Spain<\/em> and <em>Italy<\/em>, Chocolate prepared without <em>Vanilla<\/em>, is called at present <em>Chocolate of Health<\/em>; and in the <em>French<\/em> Islands of <em>America<\/em>, where <em>Vanilla<\/em> is neither scarce nor dear, as in <em>Europe<\/em>, they do not use it at all, though they consume as much Chocolate there as in any other Place in the World.<\/p>\n<cite>Translation from R. Brookes, <em>The Natural History of Chocolate<\/em> (London: Printed for D. Browne, 1725), 63-65.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Translation of excerpt from Qu\u00e9lus, <em>Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9<\/em>e en duex trait\u00e9s, 115-116:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. The Use of Milk is a specifick Remedy for the Cure of several Distempers, but by Misfortune there are but few Stomachs that can bear it, and several Methods have been try\u2019d to find out Help for this Inconvenience. Without troubling myself to mention or examine them, will it not be an easy and natural Method, to hinder the Milk from curdling on the Stomach, to pour a hot Dish of Chocolate upon a Pint or Quart of Milk? The butirous Parts of the Milk and Chocolate, are in reality analogous to each other, and very proper to be united for the same Purpose; and what is bitter and alkaline in the Chocolate, ought necessarily to hinder the curdling of the Milk in the Stomach. It is easy to confirm by Experience the Reasoning upon this sort of Chocolated Milk<\/p>\n<cite>Translation from R. Brookes, <em>The Natural History of Chocolate<\/em> (London: Printed for D. Browne, 1725), 74.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stubbe and Qu\u00e9lus discuss the culinary and medical preparations of chocolate, but do so in different centuries and for different audiences. What similarities and differences are present in their writings?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What sorts of medical preparations do different physicians recommend? What kinds of culinary preparations are described? Is it difficult to tell the difference between the culinary and the medical?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which \u201crecipes\u201d seem the most modern? How does the preparation of chocolate differ from the forms you know today? What are differences between indigenous and European preparations?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Note the chocolate milk recipe. Is it a drink to enjoy? Or a medicine? What does the author think about \u201cchocolated milk\u201d? Is it risky to drink it?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Early European Encounters with Cacao<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Many writers who documented early European encounters with cacao in the Americas included botanical descriptions and illustrations, captured in these texts by Labat, Hughes, and Qu\u00e9lus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_498260\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-761x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-16576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-761x1024.jpg 761w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-scaled-300x404.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-scaled-600x808.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-1141x1536.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-1522x2048.jpg 1522w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1902w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_498260\/case_g97_47_vol_04_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Labat, <em>Nieuwe reizen naar de Franse eilanden van America<\/em> (1725), title page.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_458872-2\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"599\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-599x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-16570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-599x1024.jpg 599w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-scaled-300x513.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-scaled-600x1025.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-176x300.jpg 176w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-768x1312.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-899x1536.jpg 899w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-1199x2048.jpg 1199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_458872-2\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hughes, <em>The American physitian<\/em> (1672), title page.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_680270\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"569\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-569x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page of text. Midway through page is an image of a box with a bird in the middle. \" class=\"wp-image-16581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-569x1024.jpg 569w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled-300x540.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled-600x1079.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-167x300.jpg 167w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-768x1382.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-854x1536.jpg 854w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-1138x2048.jpg 1138w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1423w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_680270\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Qu\u00e9lus, <em>Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s<\/em> (1719), title page.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">European Accounts of Chocolate&#8217;s Origins<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>As Europeans became increasingly interested in chocolate, a wide range of sources produced by travelers emerged describing chocolate&#8217;s origins, which included accounts of indigenous cultures and contributed to the exoticization of these populations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_515380\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-763x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page from &quot;Question moral si el chocolate quebranta el ayuno eclesiastico&quot;. Text is written on an image of a scroll held by a women. Surrounding that image is an alcove with columns. \" class=\"wp-image-13900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-763x1024.jpg 763w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-scaled-300x403.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-scaled-600x805.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-768x1031.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-1144x1536.jpg 1144w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-1526x2048.jpg 1526w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_108_l4_1636_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1907w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_515380\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">de L\u00e9on Pinelo, <em>Question moral si el chocolate quebranta el ayuno eclesiastico<\/em> (1636).<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_230822\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"717\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-717x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page of text and an image of man with a long beard. \" class=\"wp-image-16568\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-717x1024.jpg 717w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-scaled-300x429.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-scaled-600x857.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-768x1097.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-1075x1536.jpg 1075w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-1434x2048.jpg 1434w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1792w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_230822\/ayer_108_b4_1565_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Benzoni, <em>La historia del Mondo Nuovo<\/em> (1565), title page.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_205090\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-653x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page filled with text. \" class=\"wp-image-16563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-653x1024.jpg 653w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-scaled-300x471.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-scaled-600x942.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-768x1205.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-979x1536.jpg 979w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-1305x2048.jpg 1305w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_205090\/ayer_108_a2_1598b_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">de Acosta, <em>Histoire natvrelle et moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu\u2019Occidentalles <\/em>(1598), title page.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_345363-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"635\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-635x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Image from a book depicting a man with a skirt, headdress, spear, and bow. Below this image is a cocoa bean. \" class=\"wp-image-16559\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-635x1024.jpg 635w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-scaled-300x484.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-scaled-600x968.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-186x300.jpg 186w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-768x1239.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-952x1536.jpg 952w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-1270x2048.jpg 1270w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_1392_d86_1688_pg_plt_03a_o2_Dufour-scaled.jpg 1587w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_345363-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dufour, <em>Traitez nouveaux &amp; curieux du caf\u00e9, du th\u00e9 et du chocolate<\/em> (1688), 304, plate 3.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">European Interpretations of Chocolate<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>As chocolate rapidly grew in popularity in Europe, numerous authors commented on its effects, with these writings by Stubbe and Qu\u00e9lus examples of works written about chocolate&#8217;s culinary and medical preparations and potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_707885\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-668x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page filled with text. \" class=\"wp-image-13901\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-668x1024.jpg 668w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-scaled-300x460.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-scaled-600x920.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-768x1178.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-1001x1536.jpg 1001w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-1335x2048.jpg 1335w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1669w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_707885\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stubbe, <em>The Indian Nectar, or A discourse concerning chocolata<\/em> (1662), title page.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_680270\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"569\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-569x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page of text. Midway through page is an image of a box with a bird in the middle. \" class=\"wp-image-16581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-569x1024.jpg 569w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled-300x540.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled-600x1079.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-167x300.jpg 167w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-768x1382.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-854x1536.jpg 854w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-1138x2048.jpg 1138w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2-scaled.jpg 1423w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_680270\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_tp_o2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Qu\u00e9lus, <em>Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre, divis\u00e9e en deux trait\u00e9s<\/em> (1719), title page.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Sophie Coe and Michael Coe, <em>The True History of Chocolate<\/em> (Thames &amp; Hudson, 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rebecca Earle, <em>The Body of the Conquistador<\/em> (Cambridge University Press, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Louis E. Grivetti and Howard-Yana Shapiro, <em>Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage<\/em> (John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marcy Norton, <em>Sacred Gifts, Profane, Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World<\/em> (Cornell University Press, 2008).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Related Resources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Lessons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"444\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture2.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of lesson entitled &quot;Food, Health, and the Humors in Early Modern Europe&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-22491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture2.png 444w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture2-241x300.png 241w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22364\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Food, Health, and the Humors in Early Modern Europe <br>by Dr. Sarah Peters Kernan<\/a><\/strong><br><br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22439\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"462\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture-1.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of activity entitled &quot;Distilling in Early Modern Europe&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-22490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture-1.png 462w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture-1-243x300.png 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22439\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Distilling in Early Modern Europe <br>by Dr. Sarah Peters Kernan<\/a><\/strong><br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16580,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[94,89,103,83,164],"tags":[173,166],"class_list":["post-14389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-16th-century","category-17th-century","category-18th-century","category-19th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-immigration-migration","tag-world-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_8_9_b7_q3_1719_plt_03_o2-scaled.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14389"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24103,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14389\/revisions\/24103"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14389"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}