{"id":14392,"date":"2015-12-31T19:52:18","date_gmt":"2015-12-31T19:52:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14392"},"modified":"2025-07-15T15:26:57","modified_gmt":"2025-07-15T15:26:57","slug":"anti-slavery-movement-in-chicago-and-illinois","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14392","title":{"rendered":"The Anti-Slavery Movement in Chicago and Illinois"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><em><em>This Collection Essay was produced through a generous annual fellowship <em>for digital education on American Women&#8217;s History or Early American History<\/em> funded by the Chicago Chapter, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution<\/em><\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Illinois was never a slave state, but there were struggles within the state between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. Article 6 of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 stated that slavery would not exist in the states that would be created from that territory. Many officials in Illinois were pro-slavery and prevented free African-Americans from having full citizenship through the Black Codes. Additionally, the Illinois General Assembly took actions that were not sympathetic to the anti-slavery cause. For example, in 1837, a resolution was passed which condemned abolitionist societies. Despite the unwelcome atmosphere, active groups of citizens in Illinois continued to fight against slavery, organized themselves into abolitionist societies, and eventually joined with political parties in opposition to the institution of slavery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p><strong>Despite the unwelcome atmosphere, active groups of citizens in Illinois continued to fight against slavery, organized themselves into abolitionist societies, and eventually joined with political parties in opposition to the institution of slavery.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the 1830s, active societies formed throughout the state in order to combat slavery. Many of the founding members were religiously motivated, and their views on slavery were based on their religious beliefs. Some of the strongest anti-slavery societies formed in the northeastern counties of the state. The Illinois Anti-Slavery Society formed in the year 1837. By 1838, there were thirteen anti-slavery societies in Illinois. That same year, the murder of Elijah Lovejoy, a prominent abolitionist newspaper editor, by a pro-slavery mob in Alton, Illinois proved to be a pivotal moment in the movement. The actions of the \u201cmob\u201d were often influential in helping to win support for the anti-slavery movement. One slave owner stated, \u201cEvery drop of Lovejoy\u2019s blood will spring up a full grown abolitionist.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abolitionists regularly used newspapers, mass meetings, speeches, and conventions to disseminate their message throughout Illinois. Many conductors on the Underground Railroad were central actors in the movement in Illinois. The Illinois anti-slavery movement joined with the Liberty Party in the 1840s and eventually ran candidates for office. As national politics became more volatile in the 1850s, the Illinois anti-slavery movement responded by resisting the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, responding to politically charged events in Kansas, and continuing to push abolitionist candidates into state and national political arenas. The abolitionists were determined to destroy the institution of slavery through any means available to them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This collection focuses on the actions taken by abolitionists in Illinois and their reactions to national policies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Please consider the following questions as your review the documents:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What motivated the actions of abolitionists in Illinois?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did abolitionists attempt to transform public opinion on the issue of slavery?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the abolitionist movement evolve and respond to national events that shook the nation in the 1850s?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abolitionist Societies: Their Philosophies and Actions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Throughout the nation, abolitionist societies were forming in the 1830s. In the Old Northwest, despite the fact that slavery had been excluded from the states that formed from the Northwest Territory, there was still a strong current of abolitionism. The abolitionists attacked slavery on moral grounds through an interpretation of natural rights, and on economic grounds. They tried to use persuasive tactics, often written, to convince others of the evils of slavery. Many of these societies grew over time, and some were more effective than others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_154918\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Proceedings of the Illinois Anti-Slavery Convention: Held at Upper Alton on the Twenty-Sixth, Twenty-Seventh, and Twenty-Eighth of October, 1837, 32-33 (1837)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"586\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13583\" data-id=\"13583\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-586x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-586x1024.jpg 586w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-300x524.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-600x1048.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-172x300.jpg 172w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-768x1341.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-880x1536.jpg 880w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-1173x2048.jpg 1173w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32.jpg 1256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 586px) 100vw, 586px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Proceedings of the Illinois Anti-Slavery Convention: Held at Upper Alton on the Twenty-Sixth, Twenty-Seventh, and Twenty-Eighth October, 1837, 32 (1837)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"574\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-19361\" data-id=\"19361\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33-574x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33-574x1024.jpg 574w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33-300x535.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33-600x1070.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33-768x1370.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33-861x1536.jpg 861w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33-1148x2048.jpg 1148w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p33.jpg 1230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 574px) 100vw, 574px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Proceedings of the Illinois Anti-Slavery Convention: Held at Upper Alton on the Twenty-Sixth, Twenty-Seventh, and Twenty-Eighth October, 1837, 33 (1837)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Illinois Anti-Slavery Convention met in Upper Alton from October 26 to 28, 1837, and was open to all people who were interested in attending. Many opponents of the abolitionist movement attended. The beginning of the meeting was wrought with conflicts between the two groups and marked by interference from the opponents to the movement. The meeting was eventually moved to the home of Thaddeus Hurlbut, an ally of the movement, and proceedings continued. The abolitionists laid out their purpose, defined their beliefs, and elaborated on the course that they planned to take.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with the convention proceedings:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do the abolitionists believe they are perceived by others?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to their statement, what motivates them to fight for their cause?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do they plan to accomplish and how do they plan to do it?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_397635\" target=\"_blank\">Alton Trials of Winthrop S. Gilman, Who Was Indicted with Enoch Long, Amos B. Roff, [et al] for the Crime of   Riot, 156-157 (1838)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"596\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13584\" data-id=\"13584\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-596x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-596x1024.jpg 596w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-300x515.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-600x1030.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-175x300.jpg 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-768x1319.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-895x1536.jpg 895w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-1193x2048.jpg 1193w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156.jpg 1268w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Alton Trials of Winthrop S. Gilman, Who Was Indicted with Enoch Long, Amos B. Roff, [et al] for the Crime of Riot, 156 (1838)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"603\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Single page of printed text.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-19362\" data-id=\"19362\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157-603x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157-603x1024.jpg 603w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157-300x510.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157-600x1019.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157-177x300.jpg 177w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157-768x1304.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157-904x1536.jpg 904w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157-1206x2048.jpg 1206w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Alton-Trials_p157.jpg 1263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Alton Trials of Winthrop S. Gilman, Who Was Indicted with Enoch Long, Amos B. Roff, [et al] for the Crime of Riot, 157 (1838)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two weeks after the Anti-Slavery Convention in Upper Alton, there was an attack on a printing press at a warehouse in Alton, Illinois. The press was an important vehicle for abolitionist messages, and despite the attack Elijah Lovejoy continued to write strong abolitionist messages despite numerous threats on his life. Lovejoy had moved to Alton from Missouri because he believed that he would meet less resistance for his views in a free state. However, after moving to Illinois, Lovejoy\u2019s printing press was attacked and destroyed three times. His beliefs made him the target of the mob, and on November 7, he was killed as he defended his press with other supporters. This violent incident is not the only example of abolitionist ideas being met with the anger of the mob. The shock of Lovejoy\u2019s murder acted as a catalyst for growth in the movement. The trial proceedings were published because many people wanted to understand the outcome and significance of the attack and its aftermath. The trial also raised important questions about freedom of the press and the dangers of mob rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with the trial proceedings:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why was the press such an important part of the abolitionist movement and why did it lead to such violent reactions from opponents?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to the prosecuting attorney in the excerpt of the trial proceeding provided, why is this case so important for the future of the community?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_153211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cSlavery the Cause of Hard Times\u201d<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_153211\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13585\" style=\"width:299px;height:470px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-scaled-300x471.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-scaled-600x942.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-768x1205.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-979x1536.jpg 979w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-1305x2048.jpg 1305w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-scaled.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_153211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Zebina Eastman, &#8220;Slavery the Cause of Hard Times,&#8221; <em>North-Western Liberty Almanac<\/em>, 14 (1845)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zebina Eastman was an important abolitionist newspaper editor in Illinois. He was the editor of <em>The Genius of Liberty<\/em> and worked with Benjamin Lundy to edit the paper <em>The Genius of Universal Emancipation<\/em>. Eventually, he edited Chicago\u2019s <em>Western Citizen<\/em>, which became essential to the movement in the Old Northwest from 1842 to 1853. The same press that published <em>Western Citizen<\/em> published <em>The North-Western Liberty Almanac<\/em>, a collection of abolitionist writings, for the years 1846 and 1847. The <em>Almanac<\/em> has a wealth of information about topics that range from annual lunar eclipses, changes in postage rates, entries on elementary anti-slavery principles, arguments for emancipation, discussions of natural rights, political commentary on the annexation of Texas, and a discussion of the economic effects of slavery. This entry is entitled, \u201cSlavery the Cause of Hard Times.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with \u201cSlavery the Cause of Hard Times\u201d:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What kind of appeal is included in this entry?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to the author, what role does the North play in the slave system?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the call to action included in the entry?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_500399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cFemale Anti-Slavery Society, Putnum Co., Illinois\u201d<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_500399\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"546\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-546x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13586\" style=\"width:317px;height:595px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-546x1024.jpg 546w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-scaled-300x563.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-scaled-600x1125.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-160x300.jpg 160w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-768x1441.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-819x1536.jpg 819w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-1092x2048.jpg 1092w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-scaled.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_500399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Female Anti-Slavery Society Putman Co,, Illinois,&#8221; <em>The Legion of Liberty<\/em>, 94 (1857)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Legion of Liberty and the Force of Truth<\/em> was published by the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1857 as a collection of writings from many important leaders throughout history on the issue of slavery, as well as a collection of the published work of abolitionists throughout the country. Many women in Illinois were active in the anti-slavery movement and formed anti-slavery societies in their local communities, including several groups in the Old Northwest. Some of the most central activists advocated for the participation of women, and their participation increased in the 1840s. Female anti-slavery societies were instrumental in garnering support for the Liberty Party in the 1840s. Women circulated petitions, worked to bring an end to the Illinois Black Laws, and supported efforts to assist fugitives through the Underground Railroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with Putnum County Female Anti-Slavery Society entry:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What connection do these women make between their struggle and religion? Why make this moral appeal?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does this document reflect a women\u2019s perspective on the struggle against slavery?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abolitionists Respond to the National Political Climate in the 1840s and 1850s<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The work of abolitionist societies eventually began to address national political developments with different tactics aimed at challenging the growth of a slave system. While anti-slavery societies in Illinois had previously addressed slavery through actions such as printing newspapers, writing letters to government officials, circulating petitions, and aiding runaway slaves, the 1840s and1850s were characterized by increased reaction to, and participation in, national politics. Illinois abolitionists moved into a more national role with the formation of the Liberty Party, their publicized reactions to the annexation of new lands and their status as slave or free states, their resistance to the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, and their election to public offices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_179339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Invitation to attend the North-Western Liberty Convention<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_179339\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"663\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention_detail-1024x663.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention_detail-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention_detail-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention_detail-600x388.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention_detail-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention_detail-1536x995.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention_detail-2048x1326.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_179339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Charles V. Dyer, et al. [Invitation to Attend the North-Western Liberty Convention, an Anti-Slavery Rally to be Held in Chicago on June 24, 1846] (May 15, 1846)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Liberty Party formed in New York in 1840 to advance abolitionist goals through political means. Charles Volney Dyer, a physician, abolitionist, and conductor on the Underground Railroad, established a Chicago chapter of the Anti-Slavery Society to push forward the Liberty Party agenda in Illinois. Support for the Liberty Party increased in Illinois through the efforts of Dyer and Lovejoy, and actions of abolitionist societies became focused on promoting the party\u2019s platform. Dr.&nbsp;Dyer and Owen Lovejoy attended a Liberty Party convention in New York in 1843 and led subsequent party-building efforts in Illinois, eventually combining the indebted Illinois Anti-Slavery Society with the Liberty Party altogether. The Northwestern Liberty Convention in June of 1846, attended by about 6,000 people, was organized in order to report on the status of the efforts of the Liberty Association in Illinois. These efforts included working toward the abolition of slavery, repealing the state\u2019s Black Codes, and electing candidates to office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with the invitation:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What were the goals of those who planned to attend the convention?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why did the organizers believe that Illinois was a good choice for the location of the Liberty Convention?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is meant by the closing of the letter, and how does it reflect the goals of the anti-slavery cause?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The <em>Weekly Chicago Journal<\/em> and the Fugitive Slave Law<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>Weekly Chicago Journal<\/em> (later published as the <em>Chicago Weekly Journal<\/em>) covered local and national political developments. When the Compromise of 1850 was passed, including the Fugitive Slave Law, the local community responded with outrage. Chicagoans were brought face-to-face with the institution of slavery as fugitives were pursued in the North in keeping with the requirements of the law. Local newspapers attacked the law and its implications for northerners. Newspaper attacks provoked meetings, and those meetings resulted in organized resistance to the law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_294187\/\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Public Meeting,&#8221; <em>Weekly Chicago Journal<\/em> (October 7, 1850)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"271\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-19363\" data-id=\"19363\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1-271x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1-271x1024.jpg 271w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1-79x300.jpg 79w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1-406x1536.jpg 406w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">&#8220;Public Meeting,&#8221; Weekly Chicago Journal, detail 1 (1850)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-19364\" data-id=\"19364\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail2-344x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail2-344x1024.jpg 344w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail2-300x894.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail2-600x1788.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail2-101x300.jpg 101w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail2-768x2289.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail2-687x2048.jpg 687w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail2-scaled.jpg 859w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">&#8220;Public Meeting,&#8221; Weekly Chicago Journal, detail 2 (1850)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The African American community in Chicago was active in the anti-slavery movement. In response to the Fugitive Slave Law and its implications for free Blacks in the north, the African American community met at the African Methodist Episcopal Church in order to respond and organize themselves. They vowed to help escaped slaves to get to Canada and formed vigilance committees to guard against slave catchers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider with the article &#8220;Public Meeting&#8221;:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do the citizens in the article believe that they need to protect themselves?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are their declared reasons for opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the organizers intend to respond?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_294187-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;The Council and the Slave Law,&#8221;<em> Weekly Chicago Journal<\/em> (October 27, 1850)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_294187-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"276\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-276x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13589\" style=\"width:261px;height:969px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-276x1024.jpg 276w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-scaled-600x2229.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-81x300.jpg 81w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-768x2853.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-scaled.jpg 689w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 276px) 100vw, 276px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_294187-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;The Council and the Slave Law&#8221; <em>Weekly Chicago Journal <\/em>(October 27, 1850)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On October 21, 1850, the Chicago Common Council passed a resolution stating that Chicagoans, including the police, would refuse to cooperate with the requirements of the Fugitive Slave Law. On October 23, Stephen Douglas, an Illinois senator and a supporter of the law, rushed to Chicago to try to quell the resistance. He spoke to the Common Council for three and a half hours in an effort to defend the law and refute the opposition. After his speech, the council voted to repeal the resolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with the article \u201cThe Council and the Slave Law\u201d:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What were the Council\u2019s objections to the Fugitive Slave Law?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What did the Council plan to do in response to the law?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_177755\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Except from &#8220;Speech of John Hossack&#8221;<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law_detail-1024x720.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19365\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law_detail-1024x720.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law_detail-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law_detail-600x422.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law_detail-768x540.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law_detail-1536x1080.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law_detail-2048x1440.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_177755\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Speech of John Hossack, Convicted of Violation of the Fugitive Slave Law: before Judge Drummond, of the U.S. District Court of Chicago,&#8221; detail (1860)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Efforts to assist fugitive slaves in their attempts to escape slavery, such as the Underground Railroad, increased in Illinois as support for the abolitionist cause grew. Illinois had already made harboring fugitives from slavery a crime in 1843 in the case of <em>Eells v. Illinois<\/em>. Countless abolitionists, including Dr.&nbsp;Richard Eells, Ichabod Codding, Zebina Eastman, and the Putnam County Female Anti-Slavery society assisted fugitives by giving them shelter, providing them with food and clothing, and helping them to find connections to other \u201cconductors\u201d on the route to freedom. One such \u201cconductor\u201d was John Hossack, an immigrant from Scotland. He had helped Jim Grey, a fugitive, escape from a courtroom in 1859. Hossack was ultimately convicted and sentenced, and gave this speech at his sentencing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with Hossack\u2019s speech:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why, according to Hossack, is he an abolitionist?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does he use the Constitution to justify his actions?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role does religion play in his arguments?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_154254\" target=\"_blank\">Illinois Woman\u2019s Kansas Aid and Liberty Association, Constitution and By-Laws, 8-10 (1856)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"763\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13591\" data-id=\"13591\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-1024x763.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-1024x763.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-scaled-600x447.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-1536x1145.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-2048x1527.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Woman&#8217;s Kansas Aid and Liberty Association, Constitution and By-Laws, 8-9 (1856)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"759\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-19369\" data-id=\"19369\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp10-11-1024x759.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp10-11-1024x759.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp10-11-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp10-11-600x445.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp10-11-768x569.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp10-11-1536x1139.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp10-11-2048x1518.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Woman&#8217;s Kansas Aid and Liberty Association, Constitution and By-Laws, 10-11 (1856)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another national political issue that led to a local response by Illinois abolitionists was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and the subsequent conflict that emerged in Kansas. Stephen Douglas had been instrumental in the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which opened western lands to the possibility of slavery\u2019s expansion by nullifying the Missouri Compromise. In his arguments to Congress in support of the law, he referred to the remarks that he had made in Chicago in 1850 in defense of the Fugitive Slave Law. Many abolitionists, newspaper editors, and others were vehemently opposed to the law and the results of the law, which resulted in a conflict known as \u201cBleeding Kansas.\u201d The Illinois Woman\u2019s Kansas Aid and Liberty Association was organized in 1856, the same year that the Republican Party was organized, to express their opposition to the conflicts occurring in Kansas and their desire to help the people of Kansas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with the Illinois Woman\u2019s Kansas Aid and Liberty Association documents:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What are the concerns of the Illinois Woman\u2019s Kansas Aid and Liberty Association in the document?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the association\u2019s concerns reflect the ongoing concerns of abolitionists in Illinois?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do they plan to do in response to the Bleeding Kansas crisis?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_513923\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Owen Lovejoy, &#8220;The Barbarism of Slavery,&#8221; 3-5 (1860)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"658\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13592\" data-id=\"13592\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-658x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-658x1024.jpg 658w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-scaled-300x467.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-scaled-600x934.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-768x1196.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-986x1536.jpg 986w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-1315x2048.jpg 1315w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-scaled.jpg 1644w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Owen Lovejoy, The Barbarism of Slavery, 3 (1860)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"661\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-19367\" data-id=\"19367\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-661x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-661x1024.jpg 661w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-300x465.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-600x930.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-768x1190.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-991x1536.jpg 991w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-1322x2048.jpg 1322w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p4-scaled.jpg 1652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 661px) 100vw, 661px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Owen Lovejoy, The Barbarism of Slavery, 4 (1860)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-19368\" data-id=\"19368\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-680x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-680x1024.jpg 680w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-300x452.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-600x904.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-768x1156.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-1020x1536.jpg 1020w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-1360x2048.jpg 1360w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p5-scaled.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Owen Lovejoy, The Barbarism of Slavery, 5 (1860)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Illinois abolitionists had been attempting to insert themselves in local and national politics since the 1840s, and their cause was invigorated as national political developments seemed to continue to bolster the institution of slavery. Owen Lovejoy, like his brother Elijah, was a minister who became a strong advocate for the case against slavery. It was common knowledge that he was active in the Underground Railroad. He became frustrated with national political developments, eventually running for public office himself. He was elected to the state legislature in 1854. Lovejoy had been active in support of the Liberty Party and the Free Soil Party, and he was instrumental in the foundation of the Republican Party in Illinois. Beginning in 1856, he served four terms as a member of the House of Representatives as a Radical Republican. In response to Congressional Democrats\u2019 pro-slavery arguments from the beginning of the session in late 1859, he asked for an hour on the agenda for April 5, 1860. After delivering this speech, he wrote to his wife, stating, \u201cI preached the gospel pure and simple. It is the common topic of conversation this morning. They threaten to bring in a resolution to expel me but I think they will not be fools enough for that. It seems like old times to be in a storm.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to consider with Lovejoy\u2019s speech:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does Lovejoy say about the role of women in the struggle against slavery? Why do the Democrats take offense when he makes these remarks?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does Lovejoy state about the \u201ccivilizing\u201d and \u201cChristianizing\u201d effects of the slave system?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What connections does Lovejoy make to the Constitution as he addresses the arguments of the Democrats? How does he refute their constitutional justifications?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abolitionists <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The abolitionists were determined to destroy the institution of slavery through any means available to them. These sources focus on the actions taken by abolitionists in Illinois and their reactions to national policies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_154918\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"586\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-586x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Text explaining the proceedings of the Illinois Anti-slavery Convention in Upper Alton, Illinois, 1837.\" class=\"wp-image-13583\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-586x1024.jpg 586w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-300x524.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-600x1048.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-172x300.jpg 172w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-768x1341.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-880x1536.jpg 880w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32-1173x2048.jpg 1173w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1837-IL-Anti-slavery-Convention_p32.jpg 1256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 586px) 100vw, 586px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_154918\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Proceedings of the Illinois Anti-Slavery Convention: Held at Upper Alton<\/em>, 32 (1837)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_397635\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"596\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-596x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The proceedings of two trials held in Alton for the crime of riot (defending a printing press) and the crime of attacking the printing press.\" class=\"wp-image-13584\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-596x1024.jpg 596w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-300x515.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-600x1030.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-175x300.jpg 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-768x1319.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-895x1536.jpg 895w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156-1193x2048.jpg 1193w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Alton-Trials_p156.jpg 1268w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_397635\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alton Trials of Winthrop S. Gilman, Who Was Indicted with Enoch Long, Amos B. Roff, for the Crime of Riot, 156 (1838)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_500399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"546\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-546x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Entry in The Legion of Liberty and the Force of Truth \u2013 Female Anti-Slavery Society of Putnam County.\" class=\"wp-image-13586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-546x1024.jpg 546w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-scaled-300x563.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-scaled-600x1125.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-160x300.jpg 160w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-768x1441.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-819x1536.jpg 819w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-1092x2048.jpg 1092w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Female-Anti-Slavery-Society-scaled.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_500399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Female Anti-Slavery Society Putman Co, Illinois,&#8221; <em>The Legion of Liberty<\/em>, 94 (1857)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_153211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"An entry on the economics of slavery from the North-Western Liberty Almanac for 1846.\" class=\"wp-image-13585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-scaled-300x471.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-scaled-600x942.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-768x1205.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-979x1536.jpg 979w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-1305x2048.jpg 1305w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Eastman_Slavery-Cause-Hard-Times-scaled.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_153211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Zebina Eastman, &#8220;Slavery the Cause of Hard Times,&#8221; <em>North-Western Liberty Almanac<\/em>, 14 (1845)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Political Climate <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The work of abolitionist societies eventually began to address national political developments with different tactics aimed at challenging the growth of a slave system. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_154254\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"763\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-1024x763.jpg\" alt=\"Resolutions of the Illinois Woman\u2019s Kansas Aid and Liberty Association from 1856 in response to the crisis in Kansas.\" class=\"wp-image-13591\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-1024x763.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-scaled-600x447.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-1536x1145.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9-2048x1527.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_154254\/Womans-Kansas-Aid-Liberty-Association_pp8-9.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Woman&#8217;s Kansas Aid and Liberty Association, Constitution and By-Laws, 8-9 (1856)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_294187\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"271\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1-271x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Article from the Chicago Journal about a meeting of the \u201cColored Citizens\u201d in response to the Fugitive Slave Law.\" class=\"wp-image-19363\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1-271x1024.jpg 271w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1-79x300.jpg 79w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1-406x1536.jpg 406w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_294187\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Public-Meeting_detail1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Public Meeting,&#8221; <em>Weekly Chicago Journal,<\/em> detail 1 (1850)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_294187-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"276\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-276x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Article about the Chicago Common Council Resolution on the Fugitive Slave Law.\" class=\"wp-image-13589\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-276x1024.jpg 276w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-scaled-600x2229.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-81x300.jpg 81w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-768x2853.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chicago-Weekly-Journal_Council-Slave-Law_detail-scaled.jpg 689w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 276px) 100vw, 276px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_294187-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;The Council and the Slave Law&#8221; Weekly Chicago Journal (October 27, 1850)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_177755\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-750x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Speech given by John Hossack at his sentencing for violating the Fugitive Slave Law.\" class=\"wp-image-13590\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-750x1024.jpg 750w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-scaled-300x410.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-scaled-600x819.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-768x1049.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-1125x1536.jpg 1125w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-1500x2048.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-scaled.jpg 1875w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_177755\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Speech of John Hossack, (1860)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_179339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"823\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention-823x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A printed invitation to an anti-slavery convention in Chicago on June 24 featuring prominent Illinois abolitionists, dated May 15, 1846.\" class=\"wp-image-13587\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention-823x1024.jpg 823w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention-scaled-300x373.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention-scaled-600x746.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention-241x300.jpg 241w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention-768x956.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention-1235x1536.jpg 1235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Invitation-NW-Liberty-Convention-1646x2048.jpg 1646w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 823px) 100vw, 823px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_179339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Invitation to North-Western Liberty Convention, (1846)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_513923\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"658\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-658x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Speech delivered by Owen Lovejoy in Congress in 1860 entitled, \u201cThe Barbarism of Slavery.\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-13592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-658x1024.jpg 658w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-scaled-300x467.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-scaled-600x934.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-768x1196.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-986x1536.jpg 986w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-1315x2048.jpg 1315w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3-scaled.jpg 1644w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_513923\/Lovejoy_Barbarism-Slavery_p3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Owen Lovejoy, <em>The Barbarism of Slavery<\/em>, 3 (1860)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tom Campbell. <em>Fighting Slavery in Chicago: Abolitionists, the Law of Slavery, and Lincoln<\/em>. Chicago: Ampersand, Inc., 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Helen Cavanagh. <em>Antislavery Sentiment and Politics in the Northwest, 1844-60<\/em>. Chicago, 1940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stacey Robertson. <em>Hearts Beating for Liberty: Women Abolitionists in the Old Northwest<\/em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Norman Dwight Harris. <em>The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois<\/em>. Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Co., 1904.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reinhard O. Johnson. <em>The Liberty Party, 1840-1848: Antislavery Third-Party Politics in the United States<\/em>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Edward Magdol. <em>Owen Lovejoy: Abolitionist in Congress<\/em>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joseph C. and Owen Lovejoy. <em>Memoir of the Rev.&nbsp;Elijah P. Lovejoy; who was Murdered in Defence of the Liberty of the Press, at Alton, Illinois, Nov.&nbsp;7, 1837<\/em>. New York: J.S. Taylor, 1838.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Charles Mann. \u201cThe Chicago Common Council and the Fugitive slave law of 1850. An address read before the Chicago Historical Society at a special meeting held January 29, 1903.\u201d Chicago, 1903.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harriet Martineau. <em>The Martyr Age of the United States<\/em>. Boston: Weeks, Jordan &amp; Co., 1839.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Willliam F. Moore Jane Ann Moore. Collaborators for Emancipation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. <em>His Brother\u2019s Blood: Speeches and Writings 1838-1864<\/em>. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Owen Muelder. <em>The Underground Railroad in Western Illinois<\/em>. Jefferson: McFarland and Co., 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carol Pirtle. <em>Escape Betwixt Two Suns: A True Tale of the Underground Railroad in Illinois<\/em>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What motivated the actions of abolitionists in Illinois? How did abolitionists attempt to transform public opinion on the issue of slavery? How did the abolitionist movement evolve and respond to national events that shook the nation in the 1850s?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13590,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[83,164],"tags":[169,174,165],"class_list":["post-14392","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-chicago-midwest","tag-politics-government","tag-us-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hossack_Fugitive-Slave-Law-scaled.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14392","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14392"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24417,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14392\/revisions\/24417"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13590"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}