{"id":14407,"date":"2014-02-21T02:39:13","date_gmt":"2014-02-21T02:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14407"},"modified":"2025-06-25T20:25:09","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T20:25:09","slug":"perspectives-on-the-mexican-revolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14407","title":{"rendered":"Perspectives on the Mexican Revolution"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Mexican Revolution began quietly on November 20, 1910, when Francisco I. Madero issued a manifesto calling for the overthrow of the military dictator Porfirio Diaz who had ruled the country for three decades. Madero had been defeated in a rigged presidential election and wrote from exile in the United States. Few people seemed to notice his manifesto. But two of his followers, Pancho Villa and Pasqual Orozco, took up arms in the northern state of Chihuahua and began attacking federal troops. A year and a half later, the rebels captured the large port city of Ciudad Juarez and suddenly the regional rebellion blossomed into a national revolution. Diaz resigned in May 1911.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>The documents that follow offer different perspectives on the meaning and experience of the revolution. Many of these sources were created by people who lived through or participated in the revolution.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the next two decades, the country endured intense political upheaval and widespread violence. Madero was overthrown and executed in 1913 by the military dictator Victoriano Huerto, who was himself overthrown the next year by revolutionaries who then turned to fighting each other. This pattern continued into the 1930s: short-lived regimes ended in assassination and rebellion, with no mechanism for peaceful succession. Historian William H. Beezley writes that \u201cone in seven of the nation\u2019s population died in the fighting, from wounds, or from disease or deprivation or fled into exile as a result of the revolution in just the decade after 1910 (nearly two million people in all).\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The revolutionaries themselves were a diverse group, representing different class and ethnic backgrounds, including subsistence farmers, small-scale ranchers and miners, and craftsmen. But, as Beezley explains, they shared the goal of limiting the economic and political power of foreigners and Mexico City elites. They sought \u201cto create a nation that offered social mobility to all its citizens, the opportunity to participate in their government, the prospect of economic justice, and the promise of legal equality.\u201d The decades of revolution and civil war brought the nation closer to these goals, though at great human cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The documents that follow offer different perspectives on the meaning and experience of the revolution. Many of these sources were created by people who lived through or participated in the revolution. A number of the authors are American and reflect the United States\u2019 deep political and economic involvement in the affairs of its neighbor to the south. For additional sources on the history and culture of Mexico, see <a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/collections\/caste-and-politics-in-mexican-independence\"><em>Caste and Politics in the Struggle for Mexican Independence<\/em><\/a> and <a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/collections\/art-and-exploration-in-the-american-west-and-mexico\"><em>Art and Exploration in the American West and Mexico<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Essential Questions<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What social conditions and conflicts contributed to the revolution? How do the writers and artists represented in this collection explain their support of or opposition to the revolution?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the United States seek to influence events in Mexico? How did Americans in Mexico represent their experience of the revolution?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did Mexican artists respond to the revolution? What visual record did they create of the people who led and participated in the war?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Picturesque Mexico<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the decades leading to the revolution, Mexico attracted a large number of foreign visitors. President Porfirio Diaz encouraged foreign investment in the country\u2019s natural resources and Great Britain and the United States, in particular, had significant financial interests in Mexico. Mexico also held, in the words of the English author Ethel Tweedie, a reputation for \u201chistory, romance, picturesqueness, beauty.\u201d The photographs below offer visual testimony to the beauty of Mexico\u2019s urban and rural landscapes at the start of the twentieth century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_731912\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"472\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-1024x472.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-1024x472.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-scaled-600x277.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-768x354.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-1536x709.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-2048x945.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_731912\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ethel Alec-Tweedie, &#8220;Bird&#8217;s-Eye View of Mexico City&#8221; (1906)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The photograph above is from Tweedie\u2019s biography of Diaz, the military dictator who was defeated by Francisco I. Madero\u2019s supporters in April 1911 in the second year of the revolution. Tweedie writes glowingly of Diaz as \u201ca great ruler, the maker of a nation, just a fine, strong, handsome man.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Subsequent photographs appeared in a book by Walther Staub and Hugo Brehme, published in the mid-1920s, fifteen years into the revolution. While the work is largely concerned with Mexico\u2019s topography and natural resources, Staub takes time in his preface to describe Diaz as \u201cMexico\u2019s greatest statesman\u201d who brought 33 years of peace and the highest economic development to the country. The photographer, Brehme, was born in Germany in 1882. He arrived in Mexico in 1906 and spent the rest of his life there. The market portrayed in the last photograph is in Amecameca, a town in central Mexico that was known as a Zapatista stronghold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-2\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"782\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-782x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-782x1024.jpg 782w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-scaled-600x785.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-768x1005.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-1173x1536.jpg 1173w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-1565x2048.jpg 1565w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-scaled.jpg 1956w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-2\" target=\"_blank\">Hugo Brehme, &#8220;Baking Maize Pancakes (Spanish &#8220;Tortilla&#8221;)&#8221; (1925)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-3\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"659\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-659x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-659x1024.jpg 659w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-scaled-300x466.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-scaled-600x933.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-768x1194.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-988x1536.jpg 988w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-1317x2048.jpg 1317w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-scaled.jpg 1647w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hugo Brehme, &#8220;Santiago, Typical Village Street with Giant Cacti&#8221; (1925)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"839\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-1024x839.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-1024x839.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-scaled-600x492.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-768x630.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-1536x1259.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-2048x1679.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hugo Brehme, &#8220;Farm Laborers Harvesting Wheat&#8221; (1925)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"822\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-1024x822.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13470\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-1024x822.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-scaled-600x482.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-768x617.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-1536x1233.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-2048x1644.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hugo Brehme, &#8220;Market in Amecameca&#8221; (1925)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mexican legislator Ram\u00f3n Prida offers an account of the complicated social conditions, particularly in the countryside, that underlie these \u201cpicturesque\u201d photographs. Writing in 1913, Prida was deeply critical of both the \u201ciron hand\u201d of the Diaz regime and the \u201ccatastrophe\u201d of the revolution, as his title\u2014<em>From Despotism to Anarchy<\/em>\u2014suggests. In the passage below, Prida analyzes \u201cthe agrarian problem,\u201d that is, the concentration of wealth and land in the hands of a few.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_623723-2\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;The Agrarian Problem,&#8221; 55-57, in <em>From Despotism to Anarchy <\/em>(1914)<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_623723-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">.<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"627\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13476\" data-id=\"13476\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-627x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-627x1024.jpg 627w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-scaled-300x489.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-scaled-600x979.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-184x300.jpg 184w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-768x1253.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-941x1536.jpg 941w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-1255x2048.jpg 1255w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-scaled.jpg 1569w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;The Agrarian Problem,&#8221; in From Despotism to Anarchy, 55 (1914)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"597\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18841\" data-id=\"18841\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-597x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-597x1024.jpg 597w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-scaled-300x514.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-scaled-600x1028.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-175x300.jpg 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-768x1316.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-896x1536.jpg 896w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-1195x2048.jpg 1195w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p56-scaled.jpg 1494w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;The Agrarian Problem,&#8221; in From Despotism to Anarchy, 56 (1914)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"606\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18840\" data-id=\"18840\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-606x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-606x1024.jpg 606w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-scaled-300x507.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-scaled-600x1014.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-178x300.jpg 178w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-768x1297.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-909x1536.jpg 909w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-1212x2048.jpg 1212w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p57-scaled.jpg 1515w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;The Agrarian Problem,&#8221; in From Despotism to Anarchy, 57 (1914)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the photographs of Mexico City and of rural Mexico. What makes these scenes \u201cpicturesque\u201d or beautiful? How would they compare to the landscapes that these authors and photographers would have known from England, the United States, and Europe?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do the photographs suggest about the differences between urban and rural life in Mexico in the first decades of the twentieth century?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Prida portray the agricultural population in Mexico? Why does he write that renters, like Indians, don\u2019t actually want land, even though they ask for it? What is his tone? How would you characterize Prida\u2019s perspective or biases based on this passage?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why does Prida write, \u201cit is an undeniable fact that the laborer is exploited\u201d? What are the conditions of the agricultural workers\u2019 exploitation?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping the War<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chicago-based mapmaking and printing company Rand McNally published this representation of the Mexican Revolution in 1914. That year, revolutionary leaders, including Emilio Zapata, Pancho Villa, and Venustiano Carranza, organized as the Constitutionalists and overthrew the military dictator Victoriano Huerto. During the two years that followed, Constitutionalist leaders fought with each other and the revolution developed into a civil war. The United States military became increasingly involved, invading Mexico in 1916 at Vera Cruz and Tampico and pursuing Villa through the state of Chihuahua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_912934\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"659\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-1024x659.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-1024x659.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-scaled-600x386.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-1536x989.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-2048x1319.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_912934\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rand McNally and Company, <em>Atlas of Mexican Conflic<\/em>t (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although we more commonly associate Rand McNally with road and railway maps, the map here identifies the locations of U.S. and Mexican warships, forts, and garrisons as well as the geographic regions associated with each Constitutionalist leader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Locate the regions on the map that are associated with specific Constitutionalist leaders. How many are there? Which regions do they control?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identify U.S. forts and warships on the map. Where are they located? What does the map tell you about U.S. military strategy?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The U.S. Presence<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The United States had strong economic interests in Mexico before 1910. Once the revolution began, President Woodrow Wilson\u2019s administration tried to influence events to protect these interests and the large number of U.S. citizens in Mexico. The documents below reference two especially notorious instances of U.S. intervention: First, in 1913, the U.S. ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, plotted with Victoriano Huerta in his successful coup against the democratically-elected Francisco I. Madero. Huerta established a harsh military dictatorship. Woodrow Wilson soon turned against him and recalled Henry Lane Wilson from his diplomatic post. Second, U.S. General John J. Pershing led 10,000 U.S. troops hundreds of miles into Mexico in an unsuccessful quest to capture Pancho Villa. The United States had backed Villa in 1913 and 1914 and provided him with weapons. But in 1916, after the Constitutionalists defeated Huerta and turned to fighting each other, the United States shifted its support to Carranza. In retaliation, Villa and his soldiers attacked the border town of Columbus, New Mexico. The United States then ordered Pershing\u2019s \u201cpunitive expedition\u201d against Villa. (Soon after, Pershing became famous for his military leadership in World War I.) This document is an excerpt from General Pershing\u2019s report on the punitive expedition into Chihuahua in pursuit of Pancho Villa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_741804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: John J. Pershing, &#8220;Report by Major General John J. Pershing, Commanding, of the Punitive Expedition,&#8221; 5, 12-13 (1916).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"774\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13467\" data-id=\"13467\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-774x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-774x1024.jpg 774w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-scaled-300x397.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-scaled-600x793.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-768x1016.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-1162x1536.jpg 1162w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-1549x2048.jpg 1549w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-scaled.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John J. Pershing, &#8220;Report by Major General John J. Pershing, Commanding, of the Punitive Expedition,&#8221; 5 (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18842\" data-id=\"18842\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-799x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-799x1024.jpg 799w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-scaled-600x769.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-768x984.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-1199x1536.jpg 1199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-1598x2048.jpg 1598w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p12-scaled.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John J. Pershing, &#8220;Report by Major General John J. Pershing, Commanding, of the Punitive Expedition,&#8221; 12 (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18843\" data-id=\"18843\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-790x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-790x1024.jpg 790w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-scaled-300x389.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-scaled-600x778.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-768x996.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-1184x1536.jpg 1184w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-1579x2048.jpg 1579w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Pershing-Report-p13-scaled.jpg 1974w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John J. Pershing, &#8220;Report by Major General John J. Pershing, Commanding, of the Punitive Expedition,&#8221; 13  (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the selection of texts below, American writer Edith O\u2019Shaughnessy provides an account of her experiences in Mexico under the Huerto regime. O\u2019Shaughnessy was married to a U.S. diplomat, Nelson O\u2019Shaughnessy, and lived among Mexico\u2019s foreign elite. She and her family fled Mexico when the Constitutionalists overthrew Huerta in 1914. In the book\u2019s forward, written from the safety of New York, O\u2019Shaughnessy laments the damage the war has inflicted on Mexico: \u201cAs for beautiful Mexico\u2014her industries are dead, her lands laid waste, her sons and daughters in exile.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_584517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Edith O\u2019Shaughnessy, <em>A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico: Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City, Covering the Dramatic Period Between October 8th, 1913, and the Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations on April 23rd, 1914,<\/em> frontispiece, title page, 57-59, 184-185 (1916).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"778\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13478\" data-id=\"13478\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-778x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-778x1024.jpg 778w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-scaled-300x395.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-scaled-600x790.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-768x1011.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-1167x1536.jpg 1167w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-1555x2048.jpg 1555w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_frontispiece-scaled.jpg 1944w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 778px) 100vw, 778px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith, O&#8217;Shaughnessy, A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico: Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City, Covering the Dramatic Period Between October 8th, 1913, and the Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations on April 23rd, 1914, frontispiece (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"662\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18837\" data-id=\"18837\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-662x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-662x1024.jpg 662w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-scaled-300x464.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-scaled-600x928.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-768x1187.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-994x1536.jpg 994w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-1325x2048.jpg 1325w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-scaled.jpg 1656w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith, O&#8217;Shaughnessy, A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico: Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City, Covering the Dramatic Period Between October 8th, 1913, and the Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations on April 23rd, 1914, title page (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"670\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18846\" data-id=\"18846\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-670x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-670x1024.jpg 670w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-scaled-300x459.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-scaled-600x917.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-768x1174.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-1005x1536.jpg 1005w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-1340x2048.jpg 1340w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p57-scaled.jpg 1675w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith, O&#8217;Shaughnessy, A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico: Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City, Covering the Dramatic Period Between October 8th, 1913, and the Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations on April 23rd, 1914, 57 (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"642\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18847\" data-id=\"18847\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-642x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-642x1024.jpg 642w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-scaled-300x479.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-scaled-600x958.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-768x1225.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-963x1536.jpg 963w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-1284x2048.jpg 1284w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p58-scaled.jpg 1604w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith, O&#8217;Shaughnessy, A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico: Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City, Covering the Dramatic Period Between October 8th, 1913, and the Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations on April 23rd, 1914, 58 (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"675\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18848\" data-id=\"18848\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-675x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-675x1024.jpg 675w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-scaled-300x455.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-scaled-600x910.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-768x1165.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-1012x1536.jpg 1012w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-1350x2048.jpg 1350w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p59-scaled.jpg 1687w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith, O&#8217;Shaughnessy, A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico: Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City, Covering the Dramatic Period Between October 8th, 1913, and the Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations on April 23rd, 1914, 59 (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"671\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18844\" data-id=\"18844\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-671x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-671x1024.jpg 671w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-scaled-300x458.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-scaled-600x916.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-768x1173.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-1006x1536.jpg 1006w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-1341x2048.jpg 1341w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p184-scaled.jpg 1676w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith, O&#8217;Shaughnessy, A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico: Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City, Covering the Dramatic Period Between October 8th, 1913, and the Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations on April 23rd, 1914, 184 (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"679\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18845\" data-id=\"18845\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-679x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-679x1024.jpg 679w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-scaled-300x453.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-scaled-600x906.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-768x1159.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-1018x1536.jpg 1018w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-1357x2048.jpg 1357w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_p185-scaled.jpg 1696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith, O&#8217;Shaughnessy, A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico: Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City, Covering the Dramatic Period Between October 8th, 1913, and the Breaking Off of Diplomatic Relations on April 23rd, 1914, 185 (1916)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast, Mexican legislator Ram\u00f3n Prida criticizes U.S. military interventions in Mexico. Prida spent some years in exile in the United States and returned to Mexico after the revolution. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_623723\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;American Policy,&#8221; in <em>From Despotism to Anarchy<\/em>, 245-247 (1914).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18850\" data-id=\"18850\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-602x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-602x1024.jpg 602w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-scaled-300x510.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-scaled-600x1021.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-176x300.jpg 176w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-768x1306.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-903x1536.jpg 903w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-1204x2048.jpg 1204w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-scaled.jpg 1505w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;American Policy,&#8221; in From Despotism to Anarchy, 245 (1914).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18851\" data-id=\"18851\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-610x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-610x1024.jpg 610w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-scaled-300x504.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-scaled-600x1008.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-179x300.jpg 179w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-768x1290.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-915x1536.jpg 915w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-1219x2048.jpg 1219w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p246-scaled.jpg 1524w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;American Policy,&#8221; in From Despotism to Anarchy, 246 (1914).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"605\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18852\" data-id=\"18852\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-605x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-605x1024.jpg 605w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-scaled-300x508.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-scaled-600x1015.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-177x300.jpg 177w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-768x1300.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-908x1536.jpg 908w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-1210x2048.jpg 1210w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p247-scaled.jpg 1513w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;American Policy,&#8221; in From Despotism to Anarchy, 247 (1914).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does Edith O\u2019Shaughnessy portray life in Mexico under Huerta\u2019s rule? In what ways does ordinary life seem to continue and in what ways does she observe the impact of the war?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How would you characterize O\u2019Shaughnessy\u2019s relationship to Mexican people? What evidence is there to suggest that her experiences, as a wealthy foreigner and the wife of diplomat, are quite different from those of ordinary citizens?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does O\u2019Shaughnessy describe the two sides of the conflict (Huerta\u2019s federal troops and the Constitutionalist rebels) and the violence that each inflicts?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to Prida, what have been the reasons for U.S. intervention in Mexico? What does Prida criticize and what does he find to praise about U.S. policy toward Mexico? Why does \u201cthe spectre of U.S. intervention\u2026strike terror to all Mexican politicians\u201d?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why does Pershing instruct U.S. commanders \u201cto convince all Mexicans that the only purpose of this expedition is to assist in apprehending and capturing Villa and his bandits\u201d? What other purposes might Mexicans suspect the U.S. troops of?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine Pershing\u2019s account of the Guerrero fight. What light does it shed on Villa\u2019s actions and on popular sentiment toward the American soldiers?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Portraits of the Revolution<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The images in this section suggest the rich visual culture\u2014and dramatic figures\u2014associated with the Mexican Revolution. Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada was a popular artist in Mexico City in the decades leading up to the Mexican Revolution. His engravings appeared on thousands of broadsides that circulated throughout the streets of Mexico City. The broadsides often responded to current events and scandals and served as a kind of pictorial journalism. Posada died in 1913, but his engraved plates continued to be printed throughout the twentieth century. These examples were printed in Mexico City in 1943.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"691\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-691x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-691x1024.jpg 691w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-scaled-300x444.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-scaled-600x889.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-768x1138.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-1037x1536.jpg 1037w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-1383x2048.jpg 1383w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-scaled.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada, &#8220;Corrido: Cuatro Fusilados Zapatistas [Four Zapatistas Being Executed]&#8221; (1943)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-700x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-700x1024.jpg 700w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-scaled-300x439.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-scaled-600x878.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-768x1123.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-1050x1536.jpg 1050w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-1400x2048.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-scaled.jpg 1750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada, &#8216;Corrido Zapatista&#8217; (1943)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"760\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-760x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13464\" style=\"width:237px;height:319px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-760x1024.jpg 760w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-scaled-300x404.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-scaled-600x808.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-1141x1536.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-1521x2048.jpg 1521w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-scaled.jpg 1901w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel Covarrubias, &#8220;Agarista [Peasant Revolutionary] Guarding His Newly Won Land&#8221; (1933)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Miguel Covarrubias was a Mexican-born artist and writer who lived in New York in the 1920s and became known for the skillful caricatures that he published in magazines such as the <em>New Yorker<\/em> and <em>Vanity Fair<\/em>. Covarrubias created the drawings below to accompany American Frank Tannenbaum\u2019s 1933 history of the Mexican Revolution, <em>Peace by Revolution<\/em>. Tannenbaum\u2019s book was the first to interpret the revolution as a populist, agrarian, and nationalist movement by rural citizens to free themselves from the elitist D\u00edaz regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Posada\u2019s and Covarrubias\u2019s illustrations call attention to some of the revolutionary personalities and figures that caught the imagination of people in both Mexico and the United States. The first photograph below shows revolutionary leaders, including Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero, and Francisco (Pancho) Villa, meeting in Ciudad Juarez in May 1911. Rebel troops had just defeated General Porfirio Diaz\u2019s federal troops to capture the city. The Treaty of Ciudad Juarez led to Diaz\u2019s resignation at the end of the month and enabled Madero\u2019s election as president later that year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_322374\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"703\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-1024x703.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-1024x703.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-600x412.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-768x527.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-1536x1054.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders.jpg 2046w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_322374\" target=\"_blank\">Brown Brothers, &#8220;Mexican Revolutionary Leaders&#8221; (1911)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Covarrubias\u2019s drawings capture two of the most mythologized and controversial leaders of the revolution: Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa. Zapata lived in the southern state of Morelos, where many people endured brutal working conditions on large sugar cane plantations controlled by <em>hacendados<\/em>, or wealthy landowners. He and his supporters suffered and also inflicted terrible violence, particularly under the military dictator Huerta, who ordered his troops to wipe out the peasant population of Morelos. Villa began life as a bandit in the northern state of Durango, but proved himself a brilliant military tactician during the revolution. Both men were popular heroes and, in 1914, famously joined forces and led their troops into Mexico City together. But neither wanted to rule the country and both came into conflict with Carranza after the Constitutionalist victory. Zapata was assassinated on Carranza\u2019s orders in 1919. Villa was assassinated in 1923 on the orders of then-President \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-751x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-751x1024.jpg 751w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-scaled-300x409.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-scaled-600x818.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-768x1047.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-1126x1536.jpg 1126w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-1502x2048.jpg 1502w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-scaled.jpg 1877w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel Covarrubias, &#8220;General Emiliano Zapata&#8221; (1933)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-653x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13481\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-653x1024.jpg 653w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-scaled-300x470.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-scaled-600x941.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-768x1204.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-980x1536.jpg 980w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-1306x2048.jpg 1306w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-scaled.jpg 1633w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel Covarrrubias &#8220;General Francisco Villa&#8221; (1933)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, the images below feature <em>soldaderas<\/em>, a term that could refer either to women soldiers or to \u201ccamp followers,\u201d women who travelled with troops and provided food, ammunition, and medical care. Historian Andr\u00e9s Fuentes argues that federal armies under Diaz and Huerta as well as northern Constitutionalist forces relied heavily on women who accompanied the troops and provided essential support. Some of these women joined the armies voluntarily, out of ideological commitments, or for protection, or to remain close to their families. Others were conscripted or abducted into service. Female fighters participated in all of the revolutionary armies, often dressed as men, and were the subject of great fascination and sensationalist reporting in Mexico and the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-840x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-840x1024.jpg 840w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-scaled-300x366.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-scaled-600x732.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-246x300.jpg 246w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-768x937.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-1259x1536.jpg 1259w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-1679x2048.jpg 1679w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel Covarrubias, &#8220;Soldaderas [Women Soldiers] in the Revolution&#8221; (1933)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"676\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-676x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-676x1024.jpg 676w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-scaled-300x454.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-scaled-600x909.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-768x1163.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-1014x1536.jpg 1014w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-1352x2048.jpg 1352w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-scaled.jpg 1690w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada, &#8216;Corrido: La Sldadera Maderista [Madero-Supporting Woman Soldier]&#8217; (1943)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Describe the men portrayed in the photograph of revolutionary leaders at Ciudad Juarez. How are they dressed? What differences do you notice in their appearances? How do they seem to relate to one another?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine Posada\u2019s engravings. How do they portray the war and, specifically, the revolutionary soldiers? How would you characterize the style of these engravings? What is their tone or mood? Do they seem to express support for one side or another in the revolution? Why do you think they were popular at the time?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Covarrubias portray the leaders and fighters of the revolution for Tannenbaum\u2019s book? Compare his illustrations to Posada\u2019s and the Brown Brothers\u2019 photograph.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">United States Presence <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These documents show how once the revolution began, President Woodrow Wilson\u2019s administration tried to influence events to protect these interests and the large number of U.S. citizens in Mexico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_741804\/Pershing-Report-p5.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"774\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-774x1024.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. General John J. Pershing prepared this report of his failed attempt to capture or kill the Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa.\" class=\"wp-image-13467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-774x1024.jpg 774w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-scaled-300x397.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-scaled-600x793.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-768x1016.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-1162x1536.jpg 1162w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-1549x2048.jpg 1549w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pershing-Report-p5-scaled.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_741804\/Pershing-Report-p5.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John J. Pershing, <em>&#8220;Report by Major General John J. Pershing, Commanding, of the Punitive Expedition,<\/em>&#8221; 5 (1916)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_584517\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"662\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-662x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Edith O\u2019Shaughnessy, wife of an American diplomat, describes her experiences in Mexico under the regime of military dictator Victoriano Huerto who overthrew the first revolutionary leader, Francisco I. Madero, in 1913.\" class=\"wp-image-18837\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-662x1024.jpg 662w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-scaled-300x464.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-scaled-600x928.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-768x1187.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-994x1536.jpg 994w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-1325x2048.jpg 1325w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page-scaled.jpg 1656w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_584517\/OShaughnessy_Diplomats-Wife-in-Mexico_title-page.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edith, O&#8217;Shaughnessy, <em>A Diplomat&#8217;s Wife in Mexico,<\/em> title page (1916)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_623723\/Prida_American-Policy_p245.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-602x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-18850\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-602x1024.jpg 602w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-scaled-300x510.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-scaled-600x1021.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-176x300.jpg 176w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-768x1306.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-903x1536.jpg 903w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-1204x2048.jpg 1204w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Prida_American-Policy_p245-scaled.jpg 1505w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_623723\/Prida_American-Policy_p245.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;American Policy,&#8221; <em>From Despotism to Anarchy<\/em>, 245 (1914).<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Representations of The Revolution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The images in this section suggest the rich visual culture associated with the Mexican Revolution. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-653x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican-born artist Miguel Covarrubias drew the revolutionary leader Pancho Villa to accompany an American history of the revolution.\" class=\"wp-image-13481\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-653x1024.jpg 653w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-scaled-300x470.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-scaled-600x941.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-768x1204.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-980x1536.jpg 980w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-1306x2048.jpg 1306w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Francisco-Villa_opp-p82-scaled.jpg 1633w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel Covarrrubias &#8220;<em>General Francisco Villa<\/em>&#8221; (1933)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"760\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-760x1024.jpg\" alt=\"This drawing by Mexican-born artist Miguel Covarrubias shows a triumphant farmer guarding the land he has won in the revolution.\" class=\"wp-image-13464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-760x1024.jpg 760w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-scaled-300x404.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-scaled-600x808.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-1141x1536.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-1521x2048.jpg 1521w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Agrarista-Guarding-His-Newly-Won-Land_opp-p308-scaled.jpg 1901w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel Covarrubias, &#8220;<em>Agarista [Peasant Revolutionary] Guarding His Newly Won Land&#8221; <\/em>(1933)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-751x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican-born artist Miguel Covarrubias drew the revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata to accompany an American history of the revolution.\" class=\"wp-image-13466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-751x1024.jpg 751w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-scaled-300x409.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-scaled-600x818.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-768x1047.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-1126x1536.jpg 1126w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-1502x2048.jpg 1502w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_General-Emiliano-Zapata_opp-p120-scaled.jpg 1877w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel Covarrubias, <em>General Emiliano Zapata<\/em> (1933)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-700x1024.jpg\" alt=\"This engraving by a popular Mexican artist portrays a supporter of the revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata.\" class=\"wp-image-13473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-700x1024.jpg 700w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-scaled-300x439.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-scaled-600x878.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-768x1123.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-1050x1536.jpg 1050w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-1400x2048.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Zapatista-scaled.jpg 1750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada, &#8216;<em>Corrido Zapatista&#8217;<\/em> (1943)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"676\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-676x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada created popular engravings in Mexico City in the early twentieth century. This one portrays soldiers for the first revolutionary president, Francisco I. Madero.\" class=\"wp-image-13477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-676x1024.jpg 676w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-scaled-300x454.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-scaled-600x909.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-768x1163.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-1014x1536.jpg 1014w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-1352x2048.jpg 1352w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-Soldadera-Maderista-scaled.jpg 1690w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada, <em>&#8216;Corrido: La Sldadera Maderista [Madero-Supporting Woman Soldier]&#8217;<\/em> (1943)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"691\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-691x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada captured dramatic moments in the early years of the Mexican Revolution. Here, he portrays the execution by firing squad of supporters of the revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata.\" class=\"wp-image-13474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-691x1024.jpg 691w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-scaled-300x444.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-scaled-600x889.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-768x1138.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-1037x1536.jpg 1037w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-1383x2048.jpg 1383w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Posada-cuatro-fusilados-scaled.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_619443-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada, <em>&#8220;Corrido: Cuatro Fusilados Zapatistas [Four Zapatistas Being Executed]&#8221; <\/em>(1943)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"839\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-1024x839.jpg\" alt=\"Two men working with hay. Two bulls are pulling a large cart. \" class=\"wp-image-13480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-1024x839.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-scaled-600x492.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-768x630.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-1536x1259.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Farm-Laborers-Harvesting_p25-2048x1679.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hugo Brehme, &#8220;<em>Farm Laborers Harvesting Wheat<\/em>&#8221; (1925)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_322374\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"703\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-1024x703.jpg\" alt=\"This 1911 photograph portrays the revolutionary leaders who met after the Battle of Ciudad Juarez to negotiate Porfirio Diaz\u2019s resignation and the transfer of power to Francisco I. Madero.\" class=\"wp-image-13475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-1024x703.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-600x412.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-768x527.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders-1536x1054.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brown-Bros-Revolutionary-leaders.jpg 2046w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_322374\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Brown Brothers, Mexican Revolutionary Leaders (1911)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"822\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-1024x822.jpg\" alt=\"Busy street life. Street lined with tents. \" class=\"wp-image-13470\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-1024x822.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-scaled-600x482.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-768x617.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-1536x1233.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Market-in-Amecameca_p120-2048x1644.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hugo Brehme, &#8220;Market in Amecameca&#8221; (1925)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_912934\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"659\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-1024x659.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicago-based mapmaking and printing company Rand McNally published this representation of the Mexican Revolution in 1914.\" class=\"wp-image-13468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-1024x659.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-scaled-600x386.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-1536x989.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-2048x1319.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_912934\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rand McNally and Company, <em>Atlas of Mexican Conflict<\/em> (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-840x1024.jpg\" alt=\"This drawing by Mexican-born artist Miguel Covarrubias portrays female soldiers fighting in the revolution.\" class=\"wp-image-13465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-840x1024.jpg 840w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-scaled-300x366.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-scaled-600x732.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-246x300.jpg 246w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-768x937.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-1259x1536.jpg 1259w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Covarrubias_Soldaderas-in-the-Revolution_opp-p172-1679x2048.jpg 1679w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_710651-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel Covarrubias, &#8220;<em>Soldaderas [Women Soldiers] in the Revolution&#8221;<\/em> (1933)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_731912\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"472\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-1024x472.jpg\" alt=\"English author Ethel Tweedie included this panorama of Mexico City in her adoring biography of Mexico\u2019s dictator Porfirio Diaz.\" class=\"wp-image-13479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-1024x472.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-scaled-600x277.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-768x354.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-1536x709.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Birds-Eye-Mexico-City-2048x945.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_731912\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ethel Alec-Tweedie, Mexico City (1906)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_623723-2\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"627\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-627x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican legislator Ram\u00f3n Prida discusses class divisions and land ownership in rural Mexico at the start of the revolution.\" class=\"wp-image-13476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-627x1024.jpg 627w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-scaled-300x489.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-scaled-600x979.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-184x300.jpg 184w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-768x1253.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-941x1536.jpg 941w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-1255x2048.jpg 1255w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55-scaled.jpg 1569w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_623723-2\/Prida_Agrarian-Problem_p55.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ram\u00f3n Prida, &#8220;The Agrarian Problem,&#8221;<em> From Despotism to Anarchy<\/em>, 55 (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"782\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-782x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Girl sitting, making bread. German-born Hugo Brehme spent most of his life in Mexico, where he photographed the landscape and people during and after the revolution.\" class=\"wp-image-13471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-782x1024.jpg 782w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-scaled-600x785.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-768x1005.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-1173x1536.jpg 1173w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-1565x2048.jpg 1565w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Baking-Maize-Pancakes_p79-scaled.jpg 1956w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hugo Brehme, <em>Baking Maize Pancakes<\/em> (Spanish &#8220;Tortilla&#8221;) (1925)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"659\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-659x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Dirt road with cacti on left and people\/ buildings on the right. German-born Hugo Brehme spent most of his life in Mexico, where he photographed the landscape and people during and after the revolution.\" class=\"wp-image-13472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-659x1024.jpg 659w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-scaled-300x466.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-scaled-600x933.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-768x1194.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-988x1536.jpg 988w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-1317x2048.jpg 1317w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Brehme_Picturesque-Mexico_Typical-Village-Street_p76-scaled.jpg 1647w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_606142-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hugo Brehme, <em>&#8220;Santiago, Typical Village Street with Giant Cacti<\/em>&#8221; (1925)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beezley, William H. \u201cRevolution: 1910\u20131946.\u201d In <em>Mexico in World History<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 104\u2013119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fuentes, Andr\u00e9s Res\u00e9ndez. \u201cBattleground Women: Soldaderas and Female Soldiers in the Mexican Revolution.\u201d <em>The Americas<\/em> 51, No.&nbsp;4 (April 1995): 525\u2013553.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Newberry Library. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/publications.newberry.org\/digitalexhibitions\/exhibits\/show\/mexicanrevolution\/intro\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Approaching the Mexican Revolution: Books, Maps, Documents<\/a>. 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PBS. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/itvs\/storm-that-swept-mexico\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Storm That Swept Mexico<\/a>. 2012.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What social conditions contributed to the revolution? How did the United States seek to influence events in Mexico? How did artists and writers respond to the war?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13468,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[84,164],"tags":[174,166],"class_list":["post-14407","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-20th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-politics-government","tag-world-history"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Rand-McNally-Atlas-of-Mexican-Conflict-scaled.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14407"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24282,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14407\/revisions\/24282"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13468"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}