{"id":14411,"date":"2012-07-16T18:32:51","date_gmt":"2012-07-16T18:32:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14411"},"modified":"2025-06-24T16:13:28","modified_gmt":"2025-06-24T16:13:28","slug":"marriage-family-shakespeare-england","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14411","title":{"rendered":"Marriage and Family in Shakespeare&#8217;s England"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_397318\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-640x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18545\" style=\"width:296px;height:474px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-640x1024.jpg 640w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-300x480.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-600x960.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-768x1228.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-960x1536.jpg 960w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-1280x2048.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy.jpg 1398w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_397318\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New: Newly Translated Out of the Originall Tongues &#8230; by His Maiesties Speciall Comandement<\/em>, the family tree of Adam and Eve (1611). <\/a>Full excerpt below.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>What is the matter with Shakespeare\u2019s families? Why do so many of his tragic plays involve injuries and betrayals committed between parents and children, husbands and wives, sisters and brothers? How do these plays respond to changes in the understanding and organization of the family during the English Renaissance?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historians such as Lawrence Stone have identified the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries as a crucial period in the history of the family in Britain. At the beginning of this period, most marriages were arranged, not by the two people getting married, but by their parents and other relatives. The primary purpose of marriage, especially among the upper class, was to transfer property and forge alliances between extended family networks, or kin groups. A marriage might provide a way of combining adjacent estates or of concluding a peace treaty. In fact, people used the term <em>family<\/em> to refer to all of the people living in one house, under one head, including servants as well as parents, children, and other \u201cblood\u201d relations. Gradually, during these centuries, these understandings of marriage and family changed. The conjugal (or marrying) couple became more important and, increasingly, people came to think of the family as centered on parents and their children\u2014what we refer to as the <em>nuclear family<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>In sixteenth century England, most marriages were arranged, not by the two people getting married, but by their parents and other relatives. . . Over the next two centuries, these understandings of marriage and family would change.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Historians attribute these changes, in part, to the Protestant Reformation. Protestant religious leaders rejected the Catholic Church\u2019s policy that clergy could not marry. Instead, Protestants developed the idea of \u201choly matrimony\u201d and wrote extensively about the spiritual and political as well as personal significance of marriage. As literary critic Mary Beth Rose explains, Protestant writers \u201cequate[d] spiritual, public, and private realms by analogizing the husband to God and the king, the wife to the church and the kingdom.\u201d These Protestant writings provided religious support for changes in family structure that were also due to wider socioeconomic changes, such as population growth, urbanization, increasing mobility, and greater trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While historians might look to this period for the emergence of the modern family, it is important to note some distinctly pre-modern legal and social conventions which lasted into the nineteenth century. Under the English system of <em>coverture<\/em>, a woman\u2019s identity was covered by her husband\u2019s when she married. A married couple was regarded by the law as a single entity and that entity followed the will of the husband. Mothers had no legal rights over the guardianship of their children and any property that a woman possessed at the time of marriage came under the husband\u2019s control. Numerous married women may have found ways to work around the law and to exercise legal and economic power, but these conventions had a significant impact on women\u2019s status, rights, and opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The social and cultural transformation of the family took place gradually and unevenly. Works by Shakespeare and other Renaissance writers rarely provide a straightforward expression of either older or newer beliefs about the family and marriage. What their texts can show us, instead, are the conflicts and contradictions that emerged as writers examined family relationships during this period. The following collection of documents provides some historical context for Shakespeare\u2019s plays. The documents include advice manuals and crime literature as well as Biblical family trees, all of which shed light on the many ways that Renaissance people thought about and participated in the family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Please consider the following questions as you review the documents<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did Renaissance writers define the family? Which relationships seem to them the most important? What makes these relationships important? To what extent do writers seem concerned with emotions like love or happiness and to what extent do they seem more interested in ideas of duty, property, lineage, or Christian faith?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the obligations of family members to one another, according to these documents? How do the writers expect husbands, wives, parents, children, and siblings to behave toward one another? What differences or contradictions appear between these writers?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the perceived threats to the family? How should these threats be addressed?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does writing on the family tell us about the history of gender, or the expectations and experiences of women and men during the English Renaissance?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biblical Genealogies<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Protestant Reformation fueled efforts to translate the Bible into modern, vernacular (or spoken), European languages from its original Hebrew, ancient Greek, and Latin. Only the clergy and a small elite knew how to read ancient languages. The lack of modern translations reinforced the Catholic Church\u2019s hierarchical structure, which Reformation leaders opposed. Protestants believed it was important for laypeople (or church members)\u2014including women\u2014to be able to read God\u2019s word themselves. In 1604 King James directed a group of nearly 50 scholars to undertake a new translation of the Bible into English. It was not the first English translation of the Bible\u2014two others had appeared in the previous century\u2014but it was the first designed specifically to conform to the teachings of the Church of England. Their translation, eventually known as the King James Bible, was published in 1611. By the next century, it had become the standard translation used in Anglican and Protestant churches. The edition presented here opens with 34 pages of Biblical genealogy\u2014family trees which trace an unbroken line of descent from God, Adam, and Eve on the first page to Joseph, Mary, and Jesus on the last.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_397318\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: <em>The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New <\/em>[The King James Bible], title page, family tree of Adam and Eve, family tree of Jacob (1611).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13154\" data-id=\"13154\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-683x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-300x450.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-600x900.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title.jpg 1669w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New: Newly Translated Out of the Originall Tongues &#8230; by His Maiesties Speciall Comandement [The King James Bible], title page (1611)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18545\" data-id=\"18545\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-640x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-640x1024.jpg 640w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-300x480.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-600x960.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-768x1228.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-960x1536.jpg 960w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy-1280x2048.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Adam-Eve-genealogy.jpg 1398w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New: Newly Translated Out of the Originall Tongues &#8230; by His Maiesties Speciall Comandement, the family tree of Adam and Eve (1611)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"645\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18544\" data-id=\"18544\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy-645x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy-645x1024.jpg 645w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy-300x476.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy-600x952.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy-768x1219.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy-968x1536.jpg 968w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy-1291x2048.jpg 1291w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/KJBible-Jacob-genealogy.jpg 1437w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New: Newly Translated Out of the Originall Tongues &#8230; by His Maiesties Speciall Comandement [The King James Bible], the family tree of Jacob (1611)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine these two pages from the King James Bible\u2019s genealogies\u2014the first portrays God, Adam, Eve, and their immediate descendants, the second portrays Jacob and his immediate descendants. How is the information on each page organized? What does the organization suggest about family structure?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think these family trees were included? Why might Jesus\u2019 lineage matter to Renaissance Christian scholars and laypeople?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do the family trees suggest about how people thought about the family and lineage during the Renaissance?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Queen Elizabeth I<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603 at the age of 70 after 44 years on the throne. Then and now, writers give Elizabeth much of the credit for England\u2019s remarkable prosperity, stability, and cultural achievement during her reign. She shielded the country from the religious wars then tearing apart Europe, and she defeated the Spanish Armada, a great fleet of ships poised to invade England, in 1588. Above all, she was an extraordinarily skillful politician who effectively ruled England in the face of considerable resistance to the idea of a female monarch. Elizabeth did not promote other women to positions of authority or encourage the extension of greater rights to women. But, she provided a powerful model of female independence and self-determination. She carefully crafted her public image, whether as the Virgin Queen devoted to England or as the military commander leading her troops into battle, in ways that provide an important context for Shakespeare\u2019s representations of women and the family. \u201cI know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman,\u201d Elizabeth famously declared, \u201cbut I have the heart and stomach of a king.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_275492\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Francis Delaram, Annales: The True and Royal History of the Famous Empresse <em>Elizabeth<\/em>, portrait of Elizabeth I and detail (1625).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13159\" data-id=\"13159\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-763x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-763x1024.jpg 763w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-scaled-300x403.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-scaled-600x805.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-768x1030.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-1145x1536.jpg 1145w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-1526x2048.jpg 1526w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-scaled.jpg 1908w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Francis Delaram, Annales: The True and Royal History, of the Famous Empresse Elizabeth, Portrait Elizabeth I, (1625)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18543\" data-id=\"18543\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-detail-733x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-detail-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-detail-300x419.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-detail-600x839.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-detail-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-detail-768x1074.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-detail-1099x1536.jpg 1099w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-detail.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Francis Delaram, Annales: The True and Royal History, of the Famous Empresse Elizabeth, detail of the Portrait Elizabeth I, (1625)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does the frontispiece of William Camden\u2019s <em>Annales<\/em> portray Elizabeth? In what ways does the image indicate her power? What other attributes does it convey?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine the poem from the frontispiece detail. According to the text, what were Elizabeth\u2019s primary accomplishments and virtues? What role, if any, does her gender play in this tribute?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Advice to Husbands, Wives, Parents, and Children<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>During the Renaissance, as now, advice books were very popular. Following the Protestant Reformation, many of these books (often called conduct manuals) addressed the subject of marriage and the duties of husbands, wives, parents, and children to one another. Some of the most popular are excerpted here. William Gouge was a prominent English Puritan pastor. He explains in the preface to <em>Of Domesticall Duties<\/em> that the book was based on a series of sermons he delivered to his congregation. He adds, somewhat defensively, that the sermons were criticized as being too harsh on women and seeks to explain his positions at greater length here. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_404287\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: William Gouge, <em>Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises<\/em>, title page, 428, 452, &#8220;Treat. III &#8211; Treat. IV&#8221; (1622). <\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"783\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13156\" data-id=\"13156\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-783x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-783x1024.jpg 783w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-scaled-300x392.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-scaled-600x785.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-768x1005.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-1174x1536.jpg 1174w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-1566x2048.jpg 1566w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-scaled.jpg 1957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 783px) 100vw, 783px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises, title page (1622)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"725\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18541\" data-id=\"18541\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod-725x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod-725x1024.jpg 725w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod-300x424.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod-600x847.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod-768x1084.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod-1088x1536.jpg 1088w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod-1450x2048.jpg 1450w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p428-mod.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises, 428 (1622)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"715\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18540\" data-id=\"18540\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452-715x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452-715x1024.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452-300x430.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452-600x859.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452-768x1100.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452-1072x1536.jpg 1072w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452-1430x2048.jpg 1430w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-p452.jpg 1508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises, 452 (1622)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"767\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18542\" data-id=\"18542\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-767x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-767x1024.jpg 767w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-scaled-300x401.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-scaled-600x801.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-768x1026.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-1150x1536.jpg 1150w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-1534x2048.jpg 1534w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Gouge-abberrations-table-scaled.jpg 1917w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises, &#8220;Treat. III &#8211; Treat. IV&#8221; (1622)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Dorothy Leigh\u2019s <em>The Mother\u2019s Blessing<\/em> was originally published in 1616 and went through at least 20 editions. The book is addressed to Leigh\u2019s sons from her deathbed, which made the book\u2019s publication more acceptable at the time. It was considered improper for women to publish their writing or to offer moral and religious instruction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_505140\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Dorothy Leigh, <em>The Mothers Blessing: Or, the Godly Counsell of a Gentle-Woman<\/em>, title page,<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_505140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_505140\" target=\"_blank\">52-57 (1636).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"572\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13160\" data-id=\"13160\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-572x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-572x1024.jpg 572w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-scaled-300x537.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-scaled-600x1074.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-768x1375.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-858x1536.jpg 858w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-1144x2048.jpg 1144w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-scaled.jpg 1430w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Dorothy Leigh, The Mothers Blessing: Or, the Godly Counsell of a Gentle-Woman, title page (1636)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"896\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18553\" data-id=\"18553\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp52-53-1024x896.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp52-53-1024x896.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp52-53-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp52-53-scaled-600x525.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp52-53-768x672.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp52-53-1536x1345.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp52-53-2048x1793.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Dorothy Leigh, The Mothers Blessing: Or, the Godly Counsell of a Gentle-Woman, 52-53 (1636)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"885\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18552\" data-id=\"18552\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp54-55-1024x885.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp54-55-1024x885.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp54-55-300x259.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp54-55-scaled-600x518.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp54-55-768x663.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp54-55-1536x1327.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp54-55-2048x1769.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Dorothy Leigh, The Mothers Blessing: Or, the Godly Counsell of a Gentle-Woman, 54-55 (1636)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"912\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18551\" data-id=\"18551\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp56-57-1024x912.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp56-57-1024x912.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp56-57-300x267.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp56-57-scaled-600x535.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp56-57-768x684.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp56-57-1536x1369.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-pp56-57-2048x1825.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Dorothy Leigh, The Mothers Blessing: Or, the Godly Counsell of a Gentle-Woman, 56-57 (1636)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, <em>The Advice of a Father<\/em> was published anonymously later in the seventeenth century. Like Leigh, this author explicitly addresses his son, but offers plenty of evidence that he had a wider audience in mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_185443\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: <em>The Advice of a Father: Or, Counsel to a Child<\/em>, title page, 30-33, 36-37 (1688).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"585\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13161\" data-id=\"13161\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-585x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-585x1024.jpg 585w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-scaled-300x525.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-scaled-600x1051.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-171x300.jpg 171w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-768x1345.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-877x1536.jpg 877w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-1170x2048.jpg 1170w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-scaled.jpg 1462w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Advice of a Father: Or, Counsel to a Child: Directing Him How to Demean Himself in the Most Important Passages of This Life, title page (1688)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"952\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18550\" data-id=\"18550\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp30-31-1024x952.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp30-31-1024x952.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp30-31-300x279.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp30-31-scaled-600x558.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp30-31-768x714.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp30-31-1536x1429.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp30-31-2048x1905.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Advice of a Father: Or, Counsel to a Child: Directing Him How to Demean Himself in the Most Important Passages of This Life, 30-31 (1688)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"940\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18549\" data-id=\"18549\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp32-33-1024x940.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp32-33-1024x940.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp32-33-300x276.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp32-33-scaled-600x551.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp32-33-768x705.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp32-33-1536x1411.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp32-33-2048x1881.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Advice of a Father: Or, Counsel to a Child: Directing Him How to Demean Himself in the Most Important Passages of This Life, 32-33 (1688)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"946\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18548\" data-id=\"18548\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp36-37-1024x946.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp36-37-1024x946.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp36-37-300x277.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp36-37-scaled-600x555.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp36-37-768x710.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp36-37-1536x1420.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Advice-of-a-Father-pp36-37-2048x1893.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Advice of a Father: Or, Counsel to a Child: Directing Him How to Demean Himself in the Most Important Passages of This Life, 36-37 (1688)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What are the duties of wives and husbands according to the table that Gouge provides at the beginning of his book? What are the \u201caberrations,\u201d or deviations, from those duties? Why is \u201cambition\u201d the primary quality that undermines the wife\u2019s primary duty of \u201csubjection\u201d? Do husbands have unlimited power over wives according to Gouge\u2019s model?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the child\u2019s duty to the parent, according to Gouge? Why should the child both fear and love his parents? Why do you think Gouge places so much importance on parental approval of a child\u2019s marriage?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is Leigh\u2019s advice to her sons concerning marriage? How does she support that advice with evidence from the Bible? Why do you think she places so much emphasis on a husband\u2019s obligation to love his wife? Does her advice on marriage challenge or support Gouge\u2019s?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the author\u2019s critique of the institution of marriage in Advice of a Father? What does he argue is the basis of happiness in marriage? Why does the author caution against having children? In what ways does his advice challenge Gouge\u2019s and Leigh\u2019s?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What differences do you notice in the advice given by Gouge, Leigh, and the anonymous father? How do these differences between the books shed light on the different experiences and concerns that men and women may have had at this time? Do they suggest areas of conflict or change in the prevailing expectations of women and men?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Crimes Against the Family<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Seventeenth-century executions were elaborate public rituals attended by hundreds, or even thousands, of spectators. Public officials approached executions as an opportunity to vividly demonstrate the importance of obeying the law. At the moment of death, the condemned criminal was held up as an example of the consequences of crime. Printers increasingly took these events as opportunities to sell inexpensive pamphlets recounting the convict\u2019s life. Like the executions themselves, these publications had a specific, instructional purpose, but also contained sensational elements that could overshadow the intended lesson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: <em>The Life and Death of John Atherton<\/em>, title page and frontispiece (1641).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13157\" data-id=\"13157\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-761x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-761x1024.jpg 761w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-scaled-300x404.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-scaled-600x808.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-1141x1536.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-1522x2048.jpg 1522w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-scaled.jpg 1902w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Life and Death of J. Atherton, title page (1641)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"702\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18547\" data-id=\"18547\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Atherton-frontis-A2-1024x702.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Atherton-frontis-A2-1024x702.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Atherton-frontis-A2-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Atherton-frontis-A2-scaled-600x411.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Atherton-frontis-A2-768x526.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Atherton-frontis-A2-1536x1053.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Atherton-frontis-A2-2048x1403.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Life and Death of John Atherton, frontispiece (1641)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Life and Death of John Atherton<\/em> is a pamphlet published several months after Atherton\u2019s execution. Atherton had been a Protestant bishop in the Church of Ireland which was affiliated with the Church of England. Atherton was executed for <em>buggery<\/em>, or sexual acts with another man, a church official who was also hanged. However, the pamphlet devotes little attention to this crime, emphasizing instead a lifetime of various misdeeds. (Note: A <em>prelate<\/em> is a high-ranking cleric, or church official. A <em>benefice<\/em> is financial support provided to a member of the clergy.) <em>A Full Account of a Most Tragycal and Inhuman Murther<\/em> describes the case from Holland of Claes Wells, who was convicted of murdering his entire family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_612581\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: A Full Account of a Most Tragycal and Inhuman Murther, 1-2 (1699).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13158\" data-id=\"13158\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-624x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-624x1024.jpg 624w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-scaled-300x492.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-scaled-600x984.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-768x1260.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-936x1536.jpg 936w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-1249x2048.jpg 1249w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-scaled.jpg 1561w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">A Full Account of a Most Tragycal and Inhuman Murther, 1 (1699)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"615\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18546\" data-id=\"18546\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-615x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-615x1024.jpg 615w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-scaled-300x500.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-scaled-600x999.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-180x300.jpg 180w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-768x1279.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-922x1536.jpg 922w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-1230x2048.jpg 1230w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Inhuman-murther-p2-scaled.jpg 1537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">A Full Account of a Most Tragycal and Inhuman Murther, 2 (1699)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does the writer of the pamphlet accuse Atherton of? Why do you think the writer includes so many different examples of unacceptable behavior? What are the relationships between Atherton\u2019s lesser transgressions and the crime for which he is executed? Why does the writer also describe Atherton\u2019s education and clerical positions?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the pamphlet tell us, by negative example, about the expectations for how people should conduct their family and other personal relationships? What kind of behavior is frowned on, but permitted? Why?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think London printers found Claes Wells\u2019 case worth publishing, even though it occurred relatively far away, in Holland?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Based on your reading of the narrative, why do you think Wells committed the murders? What lessons does the writer of the broadside draw?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lear&#8217;s Family<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Shakespeare\u2019s <em>King Lear<\/em> remains one of the darkest and most compelling explorations of family relationships in English literature. The play opens with the aging King Lear offering to divide his kingdom between his three daughters according to how persuasively each can express her love for him. Two of his daughters, Goneril and Regan, lavishly proclaim their devotion. But the youngest, Cordelia, refuses to participate in the competition and Lear disowns her. Terrible events unfold as Goneril and Regan betray Lear, he descends into madness, and Cordelia, the daughter who does truly love him, is imprisoned and executed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_252944-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"836\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-1024x836.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-1024x836.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-300x245.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-scaled-600x490.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-768x627.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-1536x1254.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-2048x1672.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_252944-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Richard Earlom and Henry Fuseli, &#8220;King Lear, Act 1, Scene 1&#8221; (1803)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_674108\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-700x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13155\" style=\"width:361px;height:528px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-700x1024.jpg 700w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-scaled-300x439.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-scaled-600x878.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-768x1124.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-1050x1536.jpg 1050w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-1399x2048.jpg 1399w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-scaled.jpg 1749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_674108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Shakespeare, <em>M. William Shake-Speare, His True Chronicle History of the Life and Death of King Lear and his Tree Daughters<\/em>, title page (1619)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The documents presented here include the title page of a 1619 edition of the play (inaccurately identified as 1608 on the title page) as well as an illustration of the first scene, created almost 200 years later. In the late eighteenth century, the London printer and engraver, John Boydell, commissioned artists to create paintings illustrating the works of Shakespeare. He then produced engravings based on their paintings and published them together with Shakespeare\u2019s plays. This plate is based on a work by the Swiss-born Romantic painter Henry Fuseli. The caption quotes Lear\u2019s famous lines to Cordelia: \u201cThy truth then be thy dower! . . .\/ Here I disclaim all my paternal care,\/ Propinquity and property of blood,\/ And as a stranger to my heart and me\/ Hold thee from this for ever.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read the title page, a text which may have been used to advertise the play itself. What details about the family drama are included in this early title? What does the title tell us about what this printer thought was most important about the play or would be most useful in selling it?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine each of the figures in the engraving of Act 1, Scene 1. Describe the postures, gestures, and facial expressions of Lear, Cordelia, and others. How does the engraving convey the importance and meaning of Lear\u2019s condemnation of Cordelia? How does Cordelia appear to respond?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What relationship does the play as a whole have to the instructions included in the advice books and crime literature presented earlier in this collection? \u2003<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Early Modern Contexts for the Family<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Below you will find material related to the social, religious, and political contexts for understandings of the family unit in Shakespeare&#8217;s time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_397318\/KJBible-title.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Frontispiece filled with images from the bible and of royalty. \" class=\"wp-image-13154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-300x450.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-600x900.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/KJBible-title.jpg 1669w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_397318\/KJBible-title.jpg\"><em>The Holy Bible, Conteyning the Old Testament, and the New: Newly Translated Out of the Originall Tongues &#8230; by His Maiesties Speciall Comandement<\/em> [<em>The King James Bible<\/em>] (1611)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_275492\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-763x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Elizabeth I. \" class=\"wp-image-13159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-763x1024.jpg 763w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-scaled-300x403.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-scaled-600x805.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-768x1030.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-1145x1536.jpg 1145w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-1526x2048.jpg 1526w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis-scaled.jpg 1908w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_275492\/Delaram-Elizabeth-frontis.jpg\">Francis Delaram, <em>Annales: The True and Royal History, of the Famous Empresse Elizabeth<\/em>, Portrait Elizabeth I, (1625)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_404287\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"783\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-783x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text surrounded by a lined border. \" class=\"wp-image-13156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-783x1024.jpg 783w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-scaled-300x392.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-scaled-600x785.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-768x1005.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-1174x1536.jpg 1174w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-1566x2048.jpg 1566w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title-scaled.jpg 1957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 783px) 100vw, 783px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_404287\/Gouge-domesticall-duties-title.jpg\">William Gouge, <em>Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises<\/em> (1622)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_505140\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"572\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-572x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-572x1024.jpg 572w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-scaled-300x537.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-scaled-600x1074.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-768x1375.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-858x1536.jpg 858w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-1144x2048.jpg 1144w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title-scaled.jpg 1430w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_505140\/Leigh-Mothers-Blessing-title.jpg\">Dorothy Leigh,<em> The Mothers Blessing: Or, the Godly Counsell of a Gentle-Woman<\/em> (1636)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_185443\/Advice-of-a-Father-title.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"585\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-585x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-585x1024.jpg 585w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-scaled-300x525.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-scaled-600x1051.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-171x300.jpg 171w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-768x1345.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-877x1536.jpg 877w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-1170x2048.jpg 1170w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Advice-of-a-Father-title-scaled.jpg 1462w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_185443\/Advice-of-a-Father-title.jpg\"><em>The Advice of a Father: Or, Counsel to a Child: Directing Him How to Demean Himself in the Most Important Passages of This Life<\/em>, (1688)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Crimes Against the Family<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Below you can see texts documenting family crimes in the Early Modern period, as well as material related to Shakespeare&#8217;s <em>King Lear<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509017\/Atherton-title.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-761x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-761x1024.jpg 761w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-scaled-300x404.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-scaled-600x808.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-1141x1536.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-1522x2048.jpg 1522w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Atherton-title-scaled.jpg 1902w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509017\/Atherton-title.jpg\"><em>The Life and Death of J. Atherton <\/em>(1641)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_612581\/Inhuman-murther-p1r.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-624x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-624x1024.jpg 624w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-scaled-300x492.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-scaled-600x984.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-768x1260.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-936x1536.jpg 936w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-1249x2048.jpg 1249w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Inhuman-murther-p1r-scaled.jpg 1561w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_612581\/Inhuman-murther-p1r.jpg\"><em>A Full Account of a Most Tragycal and Inhuman Murther<\/em> (1699)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_252944-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"836\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-1024x836.jpg\" alt=\"Image of man on throne pointing accusingly at a woman. \" class=\"wp-image-13175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-1024x836.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-300x245.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-scaled-600x490.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-768x627.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-1536x1254.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boydell-Lear-2048x1672.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_252944-2\">Richard Earlom and Henry Fuseli, &#8220;King Lear, Act 1, Scene 1&#8221; (1803)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_674108\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-700x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-700x1024.jpg 700w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-scaled-300x439.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-scaled-600x878.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-768x1124.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-1050x1536.jpg 1050w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-1399x2048.jpg 1399w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Shakespeare-Lear-title-scaled.jpg 1749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_674108\">William Shakespeare, <em>M. William Shake-Speare, His True Chronicle History of the Life and Death of King Lear and his Tree Daughters<\/em> (1619)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Stephanie Coontz. <em>Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage<\/em>. 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Clark Hulse. <em>Elizabeth I: Ruler and Legend<\/em>. 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mary Beth Rose. \u201cWhere Are the Mothers in Shakespeare? Options for Gender Representation in the English Renaissance.\u201d <em>Shakespeare Quarterly<\/em> 42.3 (1991): 291\u2013314.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lawrence Stone. <em>The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500\u20131800<\/em>. 1979.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How did Renaissance writers define the family? What were the obligations of family members to one another? What threats to the family did writers perceive?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14791,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[89,164],"tags":[171,166],"class_list":["post-14411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-17th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-women","tag-world-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Boydell-Lear-scaled-1-e1602085040526.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14411","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14411"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14411\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24267,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14411\/revisions\/24267"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14791"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14411"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14411"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14411"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}