{"id":14413,"date":"2013-09-01T05:18:08","date_gmt":"2013-09-01T05:18:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14413"},"modified":"2025-07-01T14:46:42","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T14:46:42","slug":"maps-and-the-beginnings-of-colonial-north-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14413","title":{"rendered":"Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This collection offers related visual literacy exercises (grades 3-5), a unit plan (grades 6-12), Document-Based Questions, and C3 Framework activities (grades 9-12). Please refer to the Related Resources section linked above. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thousands of surviving maps allow scholars to trace how European and Indigenous understandings of North America developed between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. These maps convey information about the continent\u2019s physical features, practical details ranging from the contours of rivers and coastlines to the locations of settlements. Yet as experts on cartography remind us, maps are never straightforward geographic records. Maps produced between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries thus outlined more than North America\u2019s physical shape. During the formative centuries of European exploration, cross-cultural encounter, and colonization, maps played an essential role in the process of transforming North America into a new world populated by American Indians, Africans, and Europeans. While drawing and redrawing maps of the continent, imperial domains, colony boundaries, or individual homesteads, early Americans defined the political, economic, and cultural shapes of colonial North America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The documents in this collection include maps of varying styles and purposes made by the diverse peoples that created colonial North America. Together, these documents illustrate the utility of maps as historical sources and, more specifically, illuminate colonial North America\u2019s multicultural and contested origins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Please consider the following questions as your review the documents:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do maps challenge our perceptions of European and American Indian relations during the colonial period?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role did cartography, or mapmaking, play in the power struggles between Europeans and American Indians? How did maps allow both European and indigenous people to gain, administer, legitimize, and codify power in colonial North America?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did mapmakers adjust their maps to suit different needs and audiences during the colonial period?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the multicultural origins of cartographic knowledge of North America alter contemporary ideas about space, or the course of colonial expansion?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How can maps help us understand the past in ways that other historical documents cannot?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Forming a Picture of North America<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Colonial North America encompassed more than British colonies on the East Coast. Mapping North America was a collaborative enterprise. To form a complete picture of the continent, European cartographers had to synthesize information from numerous sources. That task proved especially challenging because many cartographers worked in major European cities like Amsterdam and never saw the territory they mapped. In the absence of their own first-hand knowledge, cartographers drew from existing maps as well as the sketches and reports of explorers. For their part, explorers frequently derived much of their knowledge from American Indians. As the following documents demonstrate, the process of synthesizing information from such an array of sources enabled cartographers to produce increasingly detailed and accurate maps. Yet the same process could also perpetuate misinformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_583204\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"715\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-1024x715.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-1024x715.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-600x419.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-768x536.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-1536x1072.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-2048x1429.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_583204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Geronimo Chages, <em>Florida <\/em>(1584)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geronimo de Chaves\u2019s map of Florida, published in the 1584 edition of Abraham Ortelius\u2019s world atlas, offers a rare example of sixteenth-century Spanish cartography. For much of the colonial period, the Spanish government forbade cartographers from publishing maps of the Americas for fear that the information they contained might benefit rival European states. Chaves, one of Spain\u2019s royal cosmographers, never visited Florida. Instead, the names and locations of Indigenous settlements on the map suggest that he relied on a published account of Hernan de Sot\u00f3\u2019s explorations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_926854\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-1024x596.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-1024x596.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-600x349.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-768x447.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-1536x894.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida.jpg 1660w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_926854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nicolas Sanson, <em>Le Nouveau Mexique, et La Floride [New Mexico and Florida] <\/em>(1656)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nicolas Sanson, royal cartographer to the French King Louis XIII, integrated elements of Chaves\u2019s map into his later map of New Mexico and Florida. When it was published in 1656, this map combined the best information of the American Southwest then available in Europe. Sanson rose to fame in the seventeenth century because of his commitment to geographic accuracy; unlike some of his peers, he insisted on using only information verified by multiple sources. The sources Sanson relied on while making this map convinced him that California was an island off North America\u2019s West Coast\u2014an error the map and his reputation for accuracy reinforced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What kinds of information does Chaves include on his map of Florida? What kinds of information are missing? What might these details reveal about his sources?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Imagine that you, like many seventeenth-century Europeans, had no other knowledge of the American Southwest but Sanson\u2019s map of New Mexico and Florida. How might you judge whether or not the map was accurate? What aspects of the map might have convinced you that Sanson was a cartographer you could trust\u2014that California was, in fact, an island? What aspects of the map might have left you skeptical?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Look carefully at each map\u2019s design, taking note of things like the visual perspective (are you seeing the area from ground level, or some other angle?) and scale (how big of an area is depicted?), as well as the use of color, symbols, and text. Based on your observations, how do you think a European might have used the maps in the sixteenth or seventeenth century? Who might have been the cartographers\u2019 target audience?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Related Classroom Materials:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The maps in this section appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Document-Based Questions for this Collection<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Unit Plan Grades 6-12<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping Out Empire<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast to our own more definite ideas about the structure and function of empires, the Europeans who colonized North America between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries had yet to agree on the form colonies should take or the relationship they would have with their founders\u2019 home countries. The documents below provide insight into the different ways European states employed cartography in their quest to establish, defend, and give meaning to their nascent North American empires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_244850\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Baptista Boazio, <em>Civitas S. Dominici sita in Hispaniola [City of S. Domingo located in Hispaniola] <\/em>(1588).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2221\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13346\" data-id=\"13346\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-300x260.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-scaled-600x521.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-1024x888.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-768x666.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-1536x1333.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-2048x1777.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Baptista Boazio, Civitas S. Dominici sita in Hispaniola [City of S. Domingo located in Hispaniola] (1588)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1512\" height=\"780\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17252\" data-id=\"17252\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-ships-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-ships-detail.jpg 1512w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-ships-detail-600x310.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-ships-detail-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-ships-detail-1024x528.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-ships-detail-768x396.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1512px) 100vw, 1512px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Baptista Boazio, Civitas S. Dominici sita in Hispaniola [City of S. Domingo located in Hispaniola], detail of ships (1588)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1372\" height=\"890\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17253\" data-id=\"17253\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-battle-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-battle-detail.jpg 1372w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-battle-detail-600x389.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-battle-detail-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-battle-detail-1024x664.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-battle-detail-768x498.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1372px) 100vw, 1372px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Baptista Boazio, Civitas S. Dominici sita in Hispaniola [City of S. Domingo located in Hispaniola], detail of battle (1588)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prior to the seventeenth century, England\u2019s leaders expressed little interest in colonizing North America. Instead of colonists, Queen Elizabeth I sent pirates like Sir Francis Drake to raid Spanish settlements and their annual shipments of American bullion. Baptista Boazio\u2019s map depicts Drake\u2019s 1586 raid on the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, located on the island of Hispaniola. Santo Domingo, Spain\u2019s first permanent American colony, served as the de facto capital of New Spain for much of the sixteenth century. Although Drake expected the colony to be full of riches, he instead discovered a fledgling settlement easily overwhelmed by his force of about 1,000 men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spain\u2019s New World wealth also stimulated French interest in North America. Founded in 1699, the French colony of Louisiana encompassed the Mississippi River valley, a vast territory stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes. Louisiana linked French colonies in Canada and the Caribbean and blocked British colonies on the East Coast from expanding westward. As a result, the French considered Louisiana essential to the prosperity and security of their North American empire. To facilitate Louisiana\u2019s development, King Louis XIV of France granted a monopoly on colony trade to the <em>Compagnie d\u2019occident<\/em>, or Company of the West. As part of its campaign to lure French investors and colonists, the company commissioned Nicolas de Fer to create a map of the territory and its natural resources. The map and other publicity material fueled a period of intense land speculation known as the \u201cMississippi Bubble,\u201d which burst and nearly ruined the colony in 1720.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_899654\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Nicolas de Fer, <em>Le cours du Missisipi ou de St. Louis fameuse riviere d\u2019Amerique Septentrionale&#8230; [The Course of the Mississippi, or the St. Louis, the famous river of North America]<\/em> (1718).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1894\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13344\" data-id=\"13344\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-scaled.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-scaled.jpg 1894w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-scaled-300x405.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-scaled-600x811.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-222x300.jpg 222w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-757x1024.jpg 757w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-768x1038.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-1136x1536.jpg 1136w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-1515x2048.jpg 1515w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1894px) 100vw, 1894px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Nicolas de Fer, Le cours du Missisipi ou de St. Louis fameuse riviere d\u2019Amerique Septentrionale&#8230; [The Course of the Mississippi, or the St. Louis, the famous river of North America] (1718)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"549\" height=\"783\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17254\" data-id=\"17254\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-cartouche-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-cartouche-detail.jpg 549w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-cartouche-detail-300x428.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-cartouche-detail-210x300.jpg 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 549px) 100vw, 549px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Nicolas de Fer, Le cours du Missisipi ou de St. Louis fameuse riviere d\u2019Amerique Septentrionale&#8230; [The Course of the Mississippi, or the St. Louis, the famous river of North America], detail (1718)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1575\" height=\"695\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17292\" data-id=\"17292\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Gulf-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Gulf-detail.jpg 1575w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Gulf-detail-600x265.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Gulf-detail-300x132.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Gulf-detail-1024x452.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Gulf-detail-768x339.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Gulf-detail-1536x678.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1575px) 100vw, 1575px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Nicolas de Fer, Le cours du Missisipi ou de St. Louis fameuse riviere d\u2019Amerique Septentrionale&#8230; [The Course of the Mississippi, or the St. Louis, the famous river of North America], detail of the Gulf of Mexico (1718)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1427\" height=\"1544\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17291\" data-id=\"17291\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Louisiana-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Louisiana-detail.jpg 1427w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Louisiana-detail-300x325.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Louisiana-detail-600x649.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Louisiana-detail-277x300.jpg 277w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Louisiana-detail-946x1024.jpg 946w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Louisiana-detail-768x831.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-Louisiana-detail-1420x1536.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1427px) 100vw, 1427px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Nicolas de Fer, Le cours du Missisipi ou de St. Louis fameuse riviere d\u2019Amerique Septentrionale&#8230; [The Course of the Mississippi, or the St. Louis, the famous river of North America], detail of Louisiana (1718)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Interest in the Louisiana territory did not die with the Mississippi Bubble. By the mid-eighteenth century, both France and Britain contended for control of the land, a contest that soon led to the Seven Years\u2019 War (1754\u20131763). It was in the context of this imperial rivalry that the British Board of Trade and Plantations, which oversaw Britain\u2019s American empire, commissioned John Mitchell\u2019s map of British and French dominions in North America. The map reflects Mitchell\u2019s extensive research of colony charters, existing maps, and reports from colonial officials. Measuring over four feet tall and six feet wide, the map represented North America in extraordinary detail and buttressed British claims to land west of the Appalachian Mountains. Mitchell\u2019s map supplied British officials with a definitive map of their colonies, and later helped American patriots set the boundaries of the new United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_84143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: John Mitchell, <em>A Map of British and French Dominions in North America<\/em> (1755)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"725\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13351\" data-id=\"13351\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-1024x725.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-1024x725.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-scaled-600x425.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-768x544.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-1536x1088.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-2048x1451.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Mitchell, A Map of British and French Dominions in North America (1755)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"899\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17262\" data-id=\"17262\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-cartouche-detail-899x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-cartouche-detail-899x1024.jpg 899w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-cartouche-detail-300x342.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-cartouche-detail-600x683.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-cartouche-detail-263x300.jpg 263w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-cartouche-detail-768x874.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-cartouche-detail.jpg 909w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 899px) 100vw, 899px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Mitchell, A Map of British and French Dominions in North America, detail (1755)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Boazio filled his map with action, including soldiers marching in formation against the enemy, ships going up in flames, and herds of cattle making their way into the countryside. What story do these images tell? What messages do you think Boazio wanted his map to convey?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do you think de Fer tailored his map to suit the needs of his patron and audience? What features of the map might have lured colonists and investors to Louisiana?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The British Board of Trade and Plantations ordered copies of Mitchell\u2019s map to be posted in all colonial offices. What kind of message do you think the board intended to communicate to British colonists? What aspects of Mitchell\u2019s map seem to favor and reinforce British claims to North America? How does his pro-British bias affect the map\u2019s authority as a historical source?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the empires these maps depict\u2014Spanish, French, British\u2014compare? What kinds of information about North America does each map seem to emphasize? How do the maps incorporate or exclude rival empires?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do you think makes a map an effective tool of empire?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Related Classroom Materials:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Baptista Boazio\u2019s 1588 \u201cCivitas S. Dominici sita in Hispaniola\u201d and Nicolas de Fer\u2019s 1718 \u201cLe cours du Missisipi\u201d are featured in the classroom activity <a href=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/?p=14501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Visual Literacy Class Activity for Grades 3-5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All the maps in this section appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Document-Based Questions for this collection<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Unit Plan Grades 6-12<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Worlds of Potential\u2014Imaginary and Real<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Colonial North America appears different depending on the scale at which one sees it. Even as colonists carved North America into empires, their most immediate concerns often revolved more around the local, day-to-day challenges of life on the ground\u2014the places where visions and realities intersected. Instead of vast imperial domains, the documents below illustrate how specific individuals conceived of local worlds and imagined what colonial America was, was not, or might become.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_557506\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"946\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-946x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13352\" style=\"width:356px;height:385px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-946x1024.jpg 946w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-300x325.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-600x650.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-277x300.jpg 277w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-768x832.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-1418x1536.jpg 1418w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia.jpg 1762w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 946px) 100vw, 946px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_557506\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sir Robert Montgomery, <em>A Plan Representing the Form of Setling the Districts, or County Divisions in the Margravate of Azilia <\/em>(1717)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Sir Robert Montgomery, a Scottish land speculator who had never been to America, the territory between South Carolina and Florida was nothing less than the \u201cMost Delightful Country of the Universe.\u201d Montgomery designed the Margravate (or colony) of Azilia to match the supposed splendor of its environment. As he imagined it, Azilia would consist of four districts that surrounded the governor\u2019s \u201cpalace.\u201d An 80 mile-long defensive perimeter would secure the colony against an attack by Spanish, French, or American Indian enemies. Although a number of British investors bought into Montgomery\u2019s vision, he never secured enough funding to bring the dream of Azilia to fruition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In his 1747 memoir, the French colonial officer Jean-Fran\u00e7ois-Benjamin Dumont de Montigny described the Chaouachas Concession as the \u201cfinest of all the concessions\u201d in the French colony of Louisiana. Situated on the lower Mississippi River, then known as the St.&nbsp;Louis River, the concession (or land grant) took its name from the Chaouachas Indian village once located there. During the early 1700s, French investors converted the land into what Dumont considered a flourishing plantation \u201cwith more than 120 negro men and women, a fine manor house and outbuildings, a storehouse, forge, workshop, indigo works, wharf, a fine courtyard, livestock, cabins for the laborers and the negroes, and a manager to look after it all.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_147730\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"685\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-scaled-600x401.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-2048x1370.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">D<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_147730\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dumont de Montigny, <em>Concession des Chao\u00fcachas appartenante cy devant a Mgr. le Duc de Belleisle et associez [The Chaouachas Concession, formerly belonging to Monseigneur le Duc de Belle-Isle and partners] <\/em>(1747)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Look carefully at how Sir Robert Montgomery organized his imagined colony of Azilia. What do you think the map reveals about Montgomery\u2019s ideas about social order or colonial governance?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How realistic do you think Montgomery\u2019s plan was? What might someone who lived in the colonies have thought about the plan?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dumont de Montigny\u2019s plan of the Chaouachas Concession pays great attention to detail. What aspects of the plantation does he highlight? What details does Dumont leave out? What can his attention to detail tell us about the message he sought to communicate through this map? What information or impressions did he want readers to take away?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare Dumont de Montigny\u2019s map with Nicolas de Fer\u2019s map of the course of the Mississippi River. In what ways to their portrayals of life in the Louisiana territory overlap or differ? Does seeing French Louisiana at different scales alter your impression of that colony?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Each of the maps in this section represent one individual\u2019s ideas about the purpose and potential of early American colonies. What similarities do their visions share? How do they differ?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Related Classroom Materials:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sir Robert Montgomery\u2019s 1717 \u201cA Plan Representing the Form of Setling the Districts\u201d appears in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Document Based Questions for this collection<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All the maps in this section appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Unit Plan Grades 6-12<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Old Virginia Made New<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Establishing viable colonies in North America required more than forts and colonists. European colonists had to take the Indigenous world they discovered and make it into their own. As the struggle to found the Virginia colony showed English colonists, that transformation occurred piecemeal. Particularly in a colony\u2019s first years, the boundaries between Indigenous and English worlds could be difficult to discern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The documents in this section offer both English and Indigenous views of seventeenth-century Virginia. When considered together, the maps suggest how English colonists and promoters took possession of an area Powhatan Indians called <em>Tsenacomoco<\/em> and remade it into an English colony named Virginia. Instead of portraying an outright English conquest, the maps remind us of how English colonists initially depended on aid from American Indians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_867008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: John Smith,<em> Virginia \/ Discouered and Discribed by Captayn John Smith<\/em> (1612).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1344\" height=\"1076\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13341\" data-id=\"13341\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia.jpg 1344w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-600x480.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1344px) 100vw, 1344px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Smith, Virginia \/ Discouered and Discribed by Captayn John Smith (1612)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1729\" height=\"769\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17295\" data-id=\"17295\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-banner-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-banner-detail.jpg 1729w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-banner-detail-600x267.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-banner-detail-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-banner-detail-1024x455.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-banner-detail-768x342.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-banner-detail-1536x683.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1729px) 100vw, 1729px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Smith, Virginia \/ Discouered and Discribed by Captayn John Smith, banner detail (1612)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1912\" height=\"899\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17294\" data-id=\"17294\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-center-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-center-detail.jpg 1912w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-center-detail-600x282.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-center-detail-300x141.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-center-detail-1024x481.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-center-detail-768x361.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-center-detail-1536x722.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1912px) 100vw, 1912px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Smith, Virginia \/ Discouered and Discribed by Captayn John Smith, center detail (1612)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1015\" height=\"380\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17293\" data-id=\"17293\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith_Map-of-Virginia-ship-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith_Map-of-Virginia-ship-detail.jpg 1015w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith_Map-of-Virginia-ship-detail-600x225.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith_Map-of-Virginia-ship-detail-300x112.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Smith_Map-of-Virginia-ship-detail-768x288.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1015px) 100vw, 1015px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Smith, Virginia \/ Discouered and Discribed by Captayn John Smith, detail of ship (1612)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The English explorer and colonist Captain John Smith played a leading role in English efforts to establish the colony of Virginia, beginning with the Jamestown settlement in 1607. Smith\u2019s 1612 map of Virginia integrates knowledge acquired during his own explorations between 1607 and 1609 with information provided by the region\u2019s Indigenous population. A series of crosses distinguish the area Smith knew through first-hand experience from the surrounding territory, whose geography he could only conjecture from second-hand Indian \u201crelations.\u201d At the time of its publication, this map\u2019s geographic detail surpassed that of all existing maps of the region. In addition to charting land and waterways, Smith identified the English names of 32 places and the Algonkian names of over 160 villages, 24 \u201cKing\u2019s houses,\u201d 16 rivers, and 10 tribes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687022\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"665\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-665x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13342\" style=\"width:245px;height:377px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-665x1024.jpg 665w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-300x462.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-600x923.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-195x300.jpg 195w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-768x1182.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod.jpg 837w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Smith, <em>The Generall Historie of Virginia<\/em>, 48 (1627)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a later chronicle of his time in Virginia, John Smith recalled how Powhatan Indians mapped their world for him during an elaborate ceremony in 1607. Over the course of three days, Smith watched as the Indians laid out concentric circles of meal, corn, and sticks. The circles represented the Powhatan territory and Atlantic Ocean, as well as Smith\u2019s own \u201cCountry.\u201d This type of ceremony was typical of American Indian cartography, which tended to be emphemeral (or short-lived), with maps communicated orally or made in impermanent forms, such as drawings in the sand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The English artist Robert Vaughan imagined what one part of the mapping ceremony (what he calls \u201cTheir Conjuration\u201d) may have looked like in an engraving that accompanied John Smith\u2019s <em>Generall Historie<\/em>. Below the illustration, Vaughan also provided an alternative map of Virginia. The map\u2019s title\u2014\u201cOuld Virginia\u201d\u2014implies that it depicts Virginia as it formerly looked. Unlike in John Smith\u2019s earlier map, which identified the majority of places by their Algonkian name, Vaughan uses mostly English place names.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687022-2\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Robert Vaughan, A Description of Part of the Adventures of Capt. Smith in Virginia (1627)<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687022-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">.<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"933\" height=\"783\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13350\" data-id=\"13350\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith.jpg 933w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-600x504.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-768x645.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 933px) 100vw, 933px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Robert Vaughan, A Description of Part of the Adventures of Capt. Smith in Virginia (1627)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"804\" height=\"721\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17296\" data-id=\"17296\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-map-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-map-detail.jpg 804w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-map-detail-600x538.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-map-detail-300x269.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-map-detail-768x689.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Robert Vaughan, A Description of Part of the Adventures of Capt. Smith in Virginia, map detail (1627)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17297\" data-id=\"17297\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-Conjuration-detail.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-Conjuration-detail.jpg 648w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-Conjuration-detail-300x356.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-Conjuration-detail-600x711.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-Conjuration-detail-253x300.jpg 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Robert Vaughan, A Description of Part of the Adventures of Capt. Smith in Virginia, detail of ceremony (1627)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>John Smith\u2019s 1612 map of Virginia is embellished with over-sized images of American Indians and an English ship, an elaborate coat of arms, and other decorative illustrations. What sorts of messages do these adornments convey? What purpose do they serve on the map?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What English settlements can you locate on Smith\u2019s 1612 map? How does Smith distinguish between English and Powhatan settlements? Where did Powhatan Indians fit into English Virginia? Where do the boundaries between English and Powhatan territories lay?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kinds of information about Powhatan Indians and their world does Smith\u2019s 1612 map offer? Based on the map, how would you describe the relationship between Virginia\u2019s English and Powhatan residents?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare Smith\u2019s depiction of Virginia with the world Powhatan Indians mapped in their 1607 \u201cConjuration.\u201d What similarities do you notice between the Powhatan\u2019s symbolic, ceremonial map and Smith\u2019s published map? How did English colonists like Smith fit into the Powhatan world?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think Robert Vaughan entitled his map \u201cOuld Virginia\u201d? What differences do you notice between Vaughan\u2019s Virginia and John Smith\u2019s Virginia? Where do Powhatan Indians fit into \u201cOuld Virginia\u201d?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Related Classroom Materials:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The documents in this section appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Document-Based Questions for this Collection<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The maps in this section appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Unit Plan Grades 6-12<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defining New England<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After his time in Virginia, Captain John Smith shifted his attention to the American northeast\u2014a region he named \u201cNew England\u201d in 1614. Smith never identified New England\u2019s precise limits. Instead, rival English, Dutch, French, and Indigenous claimants formed the region in a series of conflicts that lasted well into the eighteenth century. The following documents record the haphazard ways the region\u2019s inhabitants defined and redefined \u201cNew England.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In his seventeenth-century map of New Amsterdam and New England, the Dutch cartographer Nicolaes Visscher reminds us that New England Puritans did not live in isolation. Throughout the seventeenth century, Dutch colonists in the neighboring colony of New Amsterdam contended with English colonists in Connecticut and Massachusetts for control over the land west of Narragansett Bay. The coloring used to delineate political boundaries on this map place the entire English colony of Connecticut within Dutch jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_757117\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"855\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-1024x855.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-1024x855.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-600x501.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-768x641.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England.jpg 1402w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_757117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nicolaes Visscher, <em>Novi Belgii Novaeque Angliae nec non partis Virginiae tabula multis in locis emendata per Nicolaum Visscher [New Netherland New England&#8230;] <\/em>(1690)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">American Indians also contested English claims to New England throughout the seventeenth century. Those tensions erupted into King Philip\u2019s War in 1675. John Foster inscribed the war\u2019s key battles in his map of New England, which was published in 1677 as part of William Hubbard\u2019s <em>A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England, from the First Planting Thereof in the Year 1607 to This Present Year 1677<\/em>. Hubbard\u2019s history of King Philip\u2019s War emphasized stark moral and racial differences between English colonists and American Indians. Although crude in its rendering of New England geography, the map constituted an important milestone in the development of English America\u2014it was the first map drawn, engraved, and printed in the colonies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_456090\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: John Foster, <em>A Map of New-England, Being the First That Ever Was Here Cut, and Done by the Best Pattern That Could Be Had, Which Being in Some Places Defective, It Made the Other Less Exact: Yet Doth It Sufficiently Shew the Scituation of the Country, and Conveniently<\/em>, in <em>A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England<\/em> by John Hubbard (1677).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"822\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13347\" data-id=\"13347\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-1024x822.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-1024x822.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-600x482.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-768x616.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England.jpg 1221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Foster, A Map of New-England, Being the First That Ever Was Here Cut, and Done by the Best Pattern That Could Be Had, Which Being in Some Places Defective, It Made the Other Less Exact: Yet Doth It Sufficiently Shew the Scituation of the Country, and Conveniently (1677)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17259\" data-id=\"17259\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p1-752x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p1-752x1024.jpg 752w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p1-300x409.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p1-600x817.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p1-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p1-768x1046.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p1.jpg 897w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Table for the Map of New-England, in A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England by William Hubbard, 1 (1677)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17260\" data-id=\"17260\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p2-733x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p2-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p2-300x419.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p2-600x839.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p2-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p2-768x1073.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p2.jpg 903w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Table for the Map of New-England, in A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England by William Hubbard, 2 (1677)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"770\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17261\" data-id=\"17261\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p3-770x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p3-770x1024.jpg 770w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p3-300x399.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p3-600x798.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p3-226x300.jpg 226w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p3-768x1021.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p3.jpg 921w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Table for the Map of New-England, in A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England by William Hubbard, 3 (1677)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"794\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17255\" data-id=\"17255\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p4-794x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p4-794x1024.jpg 794w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p4-300x387.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p4-600x774.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p4-233x300.jpg 233w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p4-768x991.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p4.jpg 972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Table for the Map of New-England, in A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England by William Hubbard, 4 (1677)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17256\" data-id=\"17256\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p5-738x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p5-738x1024.jpg 738w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p5-300x416.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p5-600x833.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p5-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p5-768x1066.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p5.jpg 876w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Table for the Map of New-England, in A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England by William Hubbard, 5 (1677)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"809\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17257\" data-id=\"17257\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p6-809x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p6-809x1024.jpg 809w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p6-300x380.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p6-600x759.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p6-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p6-768x972.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p6.jpg 990w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 809px) 100vw, 809px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Table for the Map of New-England, in A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England by William Hubbard, 6 (1677)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"754\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17258\" data-id=\"17258\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p7-754x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p7-754x1024.jpg 754w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p7-300x407.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p7-600x815.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p7-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p7-768x1043.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Map-of-New-England-Table-p7.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Table for the Map of New-England, in A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England by William Hubbard, 7 (1677)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">King Philip\u2019s War failed to establish New England\u2019s definitive bounds, or assure English control over the region. Throughout the early eighteenth century, French colonists and their Indigenous allies repeatedly attacked English settlements along the frontiers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The anonymous creator of the third map of New England (likely a French spy) borrowed heavily from Foster\u2019s earlier map, but adapted the explanatory key to include details about English fortifications and the number of houses and armed men in each town. Rather than telling the history of a past war, the cartographer designed this map to help French colonists conduct an ongoing battle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_181385\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: <em>Partie de la Novvelle Angleterre contenant les villes, les bourgs, et le commerce des habitans [Part of New England containing the cities, towns, and trade of its inhabitants] <\/em>(1720).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"472\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13349\" data-id=\"13349\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Part-of-New-England-1024x472.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Part-of-New-England-1024x472.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Part-of-New-England-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Part-of-New-England-scaled-600x277.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Part-of-New-England-768x354.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Part-of-New-England-1536x709.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Part-of-New-England-2048x945.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Partie de la Novvelle Angleterre contenant les villes, les bourgs, et le commerce des habitans [Part of New England containing the cities, towns, and trade of its inhabitants] (1720)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1007\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17263\" data-id=\"17263\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-1024x1007.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-1024x1007.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-600x590.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-300x295.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-768x755.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-1536x1511.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail.jpg 1571w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Partie de la Novvelle Angleterre contenant les villes, les bourgs, et le commerce des habitans [Part of New England containing the cities, towns, and trade of its inhabitants], detail (1720)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What details does Visscher include in his map to substantiate Dutch claims in New England? What evidence in the map is there of Indigenous people?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do you think Foster\u2019s 1677 map may have enhanced Hubbard\u2019s history of King Philip\u2019s War? In what ways does Foster\u2019s map reinforce or undermine English control over New England?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the imagery in the French map compare to the imagery used in Foster\u2019s 1677 map? What clues does the map give us about its creator\u2019s identity?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does each map define New England\u2019s political or cultural boundaries?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Related Classroom Materials:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John Foster\u2019s 1677 map and William Hubbard\u2019s 1677 <em>A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England<\/em> appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C3 Activity Grades 9-12<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nicolaes Visscher\u2019s 1690 map \u201cNovi Belgii Novaeque Angliae\u201d and John Foster\u2019s 1677 \u201cA Map of New-England\u201d appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Document-Based Questions for this Collection<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All the maps in this section appear in the <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Unit Plan Grades 6-12<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping North America<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These maps are examples of early European cartographers&#8217; depictions of North America, which drew from and synthesized information from an array of other sources. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_583204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"715\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-1024x715.jpg\" alt=\"Geronimo de Chaves\u2019s early map of Florida gave Europeans a rare glimpse of Spain\u2019s North American empire.\" class=\"wp-image-13345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-1024x715.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-600x419.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-768x536.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-1536x1072.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Chaves_Florida-mod-2048x1429.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_583204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Geronimo Chaves, <em>Florida <\/em>(1584)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_926854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-1024x596.jpg\" alt=\"Nicolas Sanson\u2019s map of New Mexico and Florida offered Europeans their first detailed view of the American Southwest, and for decades convinced many that California was an island.\" class=\"wp-image-14223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-1024x596.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-600x349.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-768x447.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida-1536x894.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Sanson_New-Mexico-and-Florida.jpg 1660w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_926854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nicolas Sanson, <em>Le Nouveau Mexique, et La Floride [New Mexico and Florida]<\/em> (1656)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping Empire and Colonialism<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These images shed light on the ways that European powers used cartography to define, bolster, and expand their North American empires as well as how Europeans imagined colonial spaces. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_244850\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"888\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-1024x888.jpg\" alt=\"This map by Baptista Boazio, an Italian cartographer working in London, celebrates the English privateer Sir Francis Drake\u2019s 1586 raid on the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola.\" class=\"wp-image-13346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-1024x888.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-300x260.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-scaled-600x521.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-768x666.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-1536x1333.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Boazio_Battle-of-Santo-Domingo-2048x1777.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_244850\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Baptista Boazio, <em>Civitas S. Dominici sita in Hispaniola [City of S. Domingo located in Hispaniola] <\/em>(1588)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_84143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"725\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-1024x725.jpg\" alt=\"Working on behalf of the British government, John Mitchell prepared this map on the eve of the Seven Years\u2019 War to bolster British claims in North America against those of France.\" class=\"wp-image-13351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-1024x725.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-scaled-600x425.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-768x544.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-1536x1088.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Mitchell_British-and-French-Dominions-2048x1451.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_84143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Mitchell, <em>A Map of British and French Dominions in North America<\/em> (1755)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_557506\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"946\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-946x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Sir Robert Montgomery imagined what an ideal colony would look like in this 1717 plan for Azilia, a colony he hoped to establish in what is now Georgia.\" class=\"wp-image-13352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-946x1024.jpg 946w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-300x325.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-600x650.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-277x300.jpg 277w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-768x832.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia-1418x1536.jpg 1418w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montgomery_Plan-of-Azilia.jpg 1762w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 946px) 100vw, 946px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_557506\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sir Robert Montgomery, <em>A Plan Representing the Form of Setling the Districts, or County Divisions in the Margravate of Azilia<\/em> (1717)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_899654\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"757\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-757x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The Company of the West, which controlled trade between France and its North American colonies, commissioned this map of the Mississippi River and its environs to highlight the territory\u2019s commercial potential.\" class=\"wp-image-13344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-757x1024.jpg 757w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-scaled-300x405.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-scaled-600x811.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-222x300.jpg 222w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-768x1038.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-1136x1536.jpg 1136w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-1515x2048.jpg 1515w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi-scaled.jpg 1894w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 757px) 100vw, 757px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_899654\/Fer_Course-of-Mississippi.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nicolas de Fer, <em>Le cours du Missisipi ou de St. Louis fameuse riviere d\u2019Amerique Septentrionale&#8230; [The Course of the Mississippi, or the St. Louis, the famous river of North America] <\/em>(1718)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_147730\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"685\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"French colonial officer Jean-Fran\u00e7ois-Benjamin Dumont de Montigny drew this map of the Chaouachas Concession, a plantation in French Louisiana, to accompany his memoir of his experiences in the region.\" class=\"wp-image-13343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-scaled-600x401.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Montigny_Chaouachas-Concession-2048x1370.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_147730\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dumont de Montigny, <em>Concession des Chao\u00fcachas appartenante cy devant a Mgr. le Duc de Belleisle et associez [The Chaouachas Concession, formerly belonging to Monseigneur le Duc de Belle-Isle and partners]<\/em> (1747)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping Virginia<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These documents provide both English and Indigenous perspectives on seventeenth-century Virginia, illustrating the reliance of the English in the colony on Indigenous knowledge and the both contested and porous boundaries between these populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_867008\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1344\" height=\"1076\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia.jpg\" alt=\"Captain John Smith drafted this map of Virginia, published in 1612, using information supplied by American Indians as well as his own explorations.\" class=\"wp-image-13341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia.jpg 1344w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia-600x480.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1344px) 100vw, 1344px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_867008\/Smith-Map-of-Virginia.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Smith, <em>Virginia \/ Discouered and Discribed<\/em> <em>by Captayn John Smith<\/em> (1612)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"665\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-665x1024.jpg\" alt=\"In this passage, Captain John Smith describes how Powhatan Indians depicted their world in concentric circles of meal, corn, and sticks laid out during an elaborate ceremony in 1607.\" class=\"wp-image-13342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-665x1024.jpg 665w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-300x462.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-600x923.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-195x300.jpg 195w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod-768x1182.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith_Description-of-Virginia-p48-mod.jpg 837w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Smith, <em>The Generall Historie of Virginia<\/em>, 48 (1627)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687022-2\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"933\" height=\"783\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith.jpg\" alt=\"In this engraving, first published in 1624, Robert Vaughan depicts part of the Powhatan mapping ceremony Captain John Smith witnessed in 1607 (top center) and a map of English Virginia.\" class=\"wp-image-13350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith.jpg 933w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-600x504.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith-768x645.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 933px) 100vw, 933px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687022-2\/Vaughan_Adventures-of-Captain-Smith.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Robert Vaughan, <em>A Description of Part of the Adventures of Capt. Smith in Virginia <\/em>(1627)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping New England<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As these maps demonstrate, the region of New England was defined and redefined by its inhabitants, including French, Dutch, English, and Indigenous peoples, and conflicts between these populations over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth century. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_757117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"855\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-1024x855.jpg\" alt=\"This map of New Amsterdam and New England, drawn by the Dutch cartographer Nicolaes Visscher, draws attention to conflicting Dutch and English claims to land west of Narragansett Bay.\" class=\"wp-image-13348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-1024x855.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-600x501.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England-768x641.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Visscher_New-Amsterdam-and-New-England.jpg 1402w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_757117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nicolaes Visscher, <em>Novi Belgii Novaeque Angliae nec non partis Virginiae tabula multis in locis emendata per Nicolaum Visscher [New Netherland New England&#8230;]<\/em> (1690)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_456090\/Map-of-New-England.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"822\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-1024x822.jpg\" alt=\"The Reverend William Hubbard of Boston included this map of New England\u2014the first map engraved and printed in English America\u2014along with an explanatory table in his 1677 history of King Philip\u2019s War and earlier conflicts.\" class=\"wp-image-13347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-1024x822.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-600x482.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England-768x616.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Map-of-New-England.jpg 1221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_456090\/Map-of-New-England.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Foster, <em>A Map of New-England, Being the First That Ever Was Here Cut, and Done by the Best Pattern That Could Be Had, Which Being in Some Places Defective, It Made the Other Less Exact <\/em>(1677)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_181385\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1007\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-1024x1007.jpg\" alt=\"An unidentified French cartographer modeled this eighteenth-century map of New England on the English \u201cMap of New-England\u201d John Foster published in 1677, but added information designed to facilitate French-Indian raids of the English settlements.\" class=\"wp-image-17263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-1024x1007.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-600x590.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-300x295.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-768x755.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail-1536x1511.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail.jpg 1571w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_181385\/Part-of-New-England-map-detail.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Partie de la Novvelle Angleterre contenant les villes, les bourgs, et le commerce des habitans [Part of New England containing the cities, towns, and trade of its inhabitants]<\/em>, detail (1720)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">James R. Akerman and Robert W. Karrow, eds.&nbsp;<em>Maps: Finding Our Place in the World<\/em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sara Austin, ed.&nbsp;<em>Cartographic Treasures of the Newberry Library: The Newberry Library, October 10, 2001\u2013January 19, 2002<\/em>. Chicago: Newberry Library, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Martin Br\u00fcckner, ed.&nbsp;<em>Early American Cartographies<\/em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barbara B. McCorkle. <em>New England in Early Printed Maps, 1513 to 1800: An Illustrated Guide<\/em>. Providence, R.I.: John Carter Brown Library, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Michael P. Conzen and Diane Dillon. <em>Mapping Manifest Destiny: Chicago and the American West<\/em>. Chicago: Newberry Library, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">William Patterson Cumming. <em>The Southeast in Early Maps<\/em>. 3rd ed.&nbsp;Edited by Louis De Vorsey. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J.B. Harley and David Woodward, eds.&nbsp;<em>The History of Cartography<\/em>. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987\u2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">James Horn. <em>A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America.<\/em> New York: Basic Books, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ken MacMillan. \u201cSovereignty \u2018More Plainly Described\u2019: Early English Maps of North America, 1580\u20131625.\u201d <em>Journal of British Studies<\/em>, vol.&nbsp;42, no. 4 (October 2003): 413\u2013447.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Mapping the French Empire in North America: An Interpretive Guide to the Exhibition Mounted at the Newberry Library on the Occasion of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the French Colonial Historical Society<\/em>. Catalog prepared by David Buisseret. Chicago: Newberry Library, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dumont de Montigny. <em>The Memoir of Lieutenant Dumont, 1715\u20131747: A Sojourner in the French Atlantic<\/em>. Translated by Gordon M. Sayre. Edited by Gordon M. Sayre and Carla Zecher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Newberry 125: Stories of Our Collection<\/em>. Introduction by David Spadafora. Chicago: Newberry Library, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Benjamin Schmidt. \u201cMapping an Empire: Cartographic and Colonial Rivalry in Seventeenth-Century Dutch and English North America.\u201d <em>William and Mary Quarterly<\/em>, 3rd ser., 54, 3 (July 1997): 549\u2013578.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John R. Short. <em>Cartographic Encounters: Indigenous Peoples and the Exploration of the New World<\/em>. London: Reaktion Books, 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Related Resources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Lessons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"597\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.17.34-AM-597x1024.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for activity entitled &quot;Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America: Visual Literacy Class Activity (Grades K-8)&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.17.34-AM-597x1024.png 597w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.17.34-AM-175x300.png 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.17.34-AM.png 748w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Visual Literacy Activity (Grades K-8): Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America:<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>by Dr. Nicholas Kryczka<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"597\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.16.51-AM-597x1024.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for lesson entitled &quot;Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America: Unit Plan (Grades 6-12)&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.16.51-AM-597x1024.png 597w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.16.51-AM-175x300.png 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.16.51-AM.png 748w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Unit Plan (Grades 6-12): Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>by Dr. Nicholas Kryczka<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"597\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.16.25-AM-597x1024.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for activity entitled &quot;Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America: C3 Activity (Grades 9-12)&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.16.25-AM-597x1024.png 597w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.16.25-AM-175x300.png 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.16.25-AM.png 748w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>C3 Activity (Grades 9-12): Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America<\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>by Dr. Nicholas Kryczka<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"597\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.17.13-AM-597x1024.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for lesson entitled &quot;Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America: Document-Based Questions&quot; \" class=\"wp-image-23224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.17.13-AM-597x1024.png 597w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.17.13-AM-175x300.png 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-29-at-12.17.13-AM.png 748w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>DBQs: Maps and the Beginnings of Colonial North America <\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>by Dr. Nicholas Kryczka<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22242\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"442\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture2.png\" alt=\"Lesson thumbnail\" class=\"wp-image-22371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture2.png 442w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture2-241x300.png 241w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22242\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Lesson: Early European Travel in Illinois: Land, Animals, and the Environment <\/strong><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22242\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>by Dr. Danielle Alesi <\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indigenous-chicago.org\/curriculum\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"887\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IndigenousChicagoThumbnail.png\" alt=\"Indigenous Chicago Project Thumbnail\" class=\"wp-image-23570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IndigenousChicagoThumbnail.png 887w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IndigenousChicagoThumbnail-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IndigenousChicagoThumbnail-768x369.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 887px) 100vw, 887px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indigenous-chicago.org\/curriculum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Indigenous Chicago Curriculum<br><\/a><\/strong><br>A custom curriculum hosted by the Newberry and centered on Chicago as a Native Place. <br><br>Created in alignment with Illinois State Standards and to support the HB1633 mandate to teach Native history. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What can maps tell us about how people from different times, places, and cultures make sense of their world? How did maps and mapmaking influence the development of colonial North America?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14780,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[94,89,103,164],"tags":[165,166],"class_list":["post-14413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-16th-century","category-17th-century","category-18th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-us-history","tag-world-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Chaves_Florida-mod-e1601928280127.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14413","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14413"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14413\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24353,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14413\/revisions\/24353"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14780"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14413"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14413"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14413"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}