{"id":14418,"date":"2012-07-17T21:35:40","date_gmt":"2012-07-17T21:35:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14418"},"modified":"2025-07-11T15:39:02","modified_gmt":"2025-07-11T15:39:02","slug":"lincoln-the-north-and-the-question-of-emancipation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14418","title":{"rendered":"Lincoln, the North, and the Question of Emancipation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-introduction\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-9\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Escaped_Slave-330x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13162\" style=\"width:262px;height:813px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Escaped_Slave-330x1024.jpg 330w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Escaped_Slave-300x932.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Escaped_Slave-97x300.jpg 97w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Escaped_Slave.jpg 483w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">T. B. Bishop, &#8220;The Escaped Slave,&#8221; <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly <\/em>(1864)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For generations, Abraham Lincoln has been known as \u201cthe Great Emancipator.\u201d His Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, effectively declared the freedom of enslaved people in most places within the Confederacy.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lincoln abhorred slavery throughout his life. But that did not mean he always believed it was possible to abolish slavery, nor that Black people and white people were entitled to all the same rights. When Lincoln became president and the Civil War began, Lincoln had no plans to end slavery in states where it already existed. Rather, his stated goals were to stop white southerners from spreading slavery into new locales and to reunite the nation. In the fall of 1862, however, Lincoln reached the conclusion that to strengthen the U.S. war effort, he needed to use his power as president to attack slavery.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lincoln was not unique among white Northerners in shifting his views on the relationship of slavery to the war, nor in the complex distinctions he drew on matters of slavery and race. Today, we may have trouble grasping how Lincoln could believe slavery could continue in the states where it was already entrenched while also opposing its expansion into Western territories, or how he could recognize slavery as unjust and immoral while also refusing to embrace full racial equality. Yet many white northerners shared his views.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The free states were home to a strong anti-slavery movement, and the older northern states had abolished slavery in the decades following the American Revolution. But many white northerners who opposed slavery were also quite racist. In several northern cities during the Civil War, white people formed mobs and rioted against Black people and their neighborhoods. Some feared that the end of slavery would bring an influx of African Americans to the North, flooding the labor market with new workers and thereby driving down wages, or radically reconfiguring the social and political landscape. In July 1863, six months after the Emancipation Proclamation, working-class white people in New York City rioted for five days. They voiced anger about the wartime draft and fear of job competition from slaves freed by the Proclamation. Over the course of the week, the rioters lynched eleven Black men, burned an orphanage for Black children, looted and destroyed numerous Black-owned businesses, and forced hundreds of African Americans out of the city. Many white Northerners were horrified by the events and rushed in to aid victims. The riots in New York suggest the complexity\u2014and instability\u2014of race relations in the free states during the war, as well as some white Northerners\u2019 fears about the abolition of slavery. The following collection of documents explores the meanings of slavery and emancipation in the North around the time of the Civil War and develops the context for Lincoln\u2019s own evolving positions. \u2003&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Please consider the following questions as you review the documents:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What arguments against slavery did Lincoln and others put forward? When did they make arguments on moral and philosophical grounds, such as ideas of justice and human equality? When did they make arguments on other grounds, such as economic policy or military strategy?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What distinctions did Lincoln and other white Northerners draw between ending the institution of slavery and achieving racial equality?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the goal of saving the Union expand to include ending the institution of slavery?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What feelings and concerns did writers and artists\u2014both white and African American\u2014express about the consequences of emancipation? How did published images of escaped slaves reveal the varying beliefs that Northerners held about slavery and emancipation?&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-mapping-slavery-and-freedom\">Mapping Slavery and Freedom<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing U.S. citizens of Kansas and Nebraska Territories to vote on whether to permit slavery. (Citizens could vote <em>only <\/em>if they were white and male.) In authorizing slavery in a region from which it had previously been barred, the act angered many Northerners. Stephen A. Douglas, a Democratic senator from Illinois, promoted the Kansas-Nebraska Act as necessary for encouraging settlement and economic development in the region. He also argued that allowing voters to decide whether to allow slavery was an essentially democratic solution that followed the principle of popular sovereignty. Lincoln offered a powerful rebuttal to those claims in a speech delivered in Peoria, Illinois, in October 1854. He insisted that it was one thing to tolerate slavery where it already existed but quite another to allow it to advance into new territories, even if voters desired it. He said, \u201cI particularly object to the new position which the avowed principle of this Nebraska law gives to slavery in the body politic. I object to it because it assumes that there CAN BE MORAL RIGHT in the enslaving of one man by another\u2026The argument of \u2018Necessity\u2019 was the only argument [the founding fathers] ever admitted in favor of slavery.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following map was published two years later, during the presidential campaign of 1856. This election pitted Democrat James Buchanan against John Fr\u00e9mont of the recently formed Republican Party and against former president Millard Fillmore, who ran for the American Party, or the Know-Nothings. (Fremont ultimately carried eleven northern states but lost the election to Buchanan.) The map\u2019s creator, William C. Reynolds, supported the Republican Party, and the map vividly illustrates the party\u2019s condemnation of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSPR4F_K\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"991\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-991x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-991x1024.jpg 991w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-300x310.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-600x620.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-290x300.jpg 290w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-768x794.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-1486x1536.jpg 1486w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 991px) 100vw, 991px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSPR4F_K\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William C. Reynolds, <em>Reynolds&#8217;s Political Map of the United States<\/em> (1856)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The main part of the map portrays the United States, including the western territories, colored according to slave, free, and \u201copen to slavery\u201d status. The lower portion of the map provides statistical comparisons of existing slave and free states based on the 1850 census, the 1852 presidential election results, congressional representation, and the number of slaves held by owners. Some of these statistics may appear puzzling or surprising to modern readers. For example, the map informs the reader that, in free states, the U.S. Post Office operated at a profit of about two million dollars a year, while in the slave states, the post office operated at a loss of about half a million dollars per year. It also suggests that white citizens of slave states enjoyed disproportionate representation in Congress due to factors such as the Constitution\u2019s three-fifths clause and the free states\u2019 much higher white population density: \u201cone Free State Representative represents 91,935 white men and women. One Slave State Representative represents 68,725 white men and women.\u201d While slave and free states had roughly the same number of U.S. senators, the senators from free states represented a voting population approximately twice as large as those from slave states.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the map\u2019s graphic representation of the United States. How might this visual presentation have encouraged opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kind of information appears in the statistics at the bottom of the map? Why do you think Reynolds included this information? What does it demonstrate about the economies of slave and free states? How do the statistics support arguments against the extension of slavery?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-lincolns-evolving-arguments-on-emancipation\">Lincoln&#8217;s Evolving Arguments on Emancipation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In these two letters, Lincoln explained the reasoning behind the Emancipation Proclamation, which went into effect on January 1, 1863. The Proclamation declared that \u201call persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.\u201d It also authorized formerly enslaved people to serve in the United States army. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves only in states that were in rebellion and where, as a result, Lincoln could wield power as commander in chief of U.S. military forces. By contrast, in the four slave states that remained in the Union, Lincoln lacked such military authority and had to defer to Congress and state legislatures. One month before the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln proposed that Congress adopt a plan of gradual, compensated emancipation, designed to eliminate slavery throughout the United States. His proposal did not become law. Through the passage of various state laws and, ultimately, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, slavery became illegal throughout the nation by the end of 1865.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4--selection-abraham-lincoln-to-albert-hodges-in--greeley-on-lincoln--69-70-april-4-1864-\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_408559\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Abraham Lincoln to Albert Hodges, in <em>Greeley on Lincoln<\/em>, 69-70 (April 4 1864).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"715\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13173\" data-id=\"13173\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-715x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-715x1024.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-300x430.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-600x860.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-768x1101.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod.jpg 986w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Abraham Lincoln to Albert Hodges in Greeley on Lincoln, 69 (April 4, 1864)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17663\" data-id=\"17663\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges2_p70_mod-683x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges2_p70_mod-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges2_p70_mod-300x450.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges2_p70_mod-600x899.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges2_p70_mod-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges2_p70_mod-768x1151.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges2_p70_mod.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Abraham Lincoln to Albert Hodges in Greeley on Lincoln, 70 (April 4, 1864)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Lincoln wrote the first letter included here in response to a request from supporters that he speak at a rally in his hometown of Springfield, Illinois, on September 3, 1863. Unable to attend the rally, he asked his longtime friend, James C. Conkling, to read the letter on his behalf. This letter was also sent to the New York State Union Convention, which was held at the same time. Lincoln wrote the second letter on April 4, 1864, at the request of Albert Hodges, a Kentucky newspaper editor. In that letter, Lincoln restated thoughts he had voiced in a conversation with Hodges and two prominent Kentucky politicians. The letter illuminates Lincoln\u2019s changing position on the question of emancipation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_522297\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"855\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-1024x855.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-1024x855.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-600x501.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-768x641.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21.jpg 1121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_522297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Abraham Lincoln to James Conkling in <em>The Letters of President Lincoln <\/em>(August 26, 1863)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What arguments did Lincoln make for his authority to issue the Emancipation Proclamation? How would the Emancipation Proclamation contribute to the goal of saving the Union?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did Lincoln present the Emancipation Proclamation as serving a military purpose? Why do you think he felt compelled to make this argument? Did that rationale for the Emancipation Proclamation support or conflict with the document\u2019s moral significance?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What distinctions did Lincoln draw between his personal position on slavery and the position that he took as the president of the United States? Why did he make that distinction? What did he see as his primary obligation as president?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What did Lincoln mean when he used the metaphor of amputating a limb to save a life? Why do you think he chose a metaphor of the body to represent the nation?&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-the-fugitive\">The Fugitive<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_705182\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-1024x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-1024x800.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-600x469.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-768x600.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_705182\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Still, &#8220;The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown,&#8221; in <em>The Underground Railroad<\/em> (1872)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Enslaved people had always wanted to be free, and before the Civil War, some managed to escape slavery and flee to the free states. Freedom seekers who reached the North became especially potent political and cultural figures after the Compromise of 1850, a collection of legislation that included a federal law designed to help slaveowners claim people who escaped to free jurisdictions. That law, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, required all Americans to assist in the capture of fugitives or face fines and imprisonment. It permitted officials to remove alleged fugitive slaves to the slave states without hearing their claims to freedom. The new law made all Black people living in the free states vulnerable to kidnaping. Many white Northerners felt that it made them fully\u2014and newly\u2014complicit in the institution of slavery. Representations of freedom seekers played a crucial role in abolitionist literature, whether autobiography, such as Frederick Douglass\u2019 <em>Narrative<\/em>, or fiction, such as Harriet Beecher Stowe\u2019s <em>Uncle Tom\u2019s Cabin<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6--selection-frederick-douglass--narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass--title-page-and-frontispiece-71-73-1845-\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_357220\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Frederick Douglass, <em>Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass<\/em>, title page and frontispiece, 71-73 (1845).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"827\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13163\" data-id=\"13163\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-1024x827.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-1024x827.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-scaled-600x484.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-768x620.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-1536x1240.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-2048x1654.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, title page and frontispiece (1845)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17669\" data-id=\"17669\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-652x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-scaled-300x471.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-scaled-600x942.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-978x1536.jpg 978w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-1304x2048.jpg 1304w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_p71_mod-scaled.jpg 1630w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, 71 (1845)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"794\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17670\" data-id=\"17670\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_pp72-73_mod-1024x794.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_pp72-73_mod-1024x794.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_pp72-73_mod-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_pp72-73_mod-scaled-600x465.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_pp72-73_mod-768x595.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_pp72-73_mod-1536x1191.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Narrative_pp72-73_mod-2048x1587.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, 72-73 (1845)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_544623\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"781\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-781x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13167\" style=\"width:297px;height:389px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-781x1024.jpg 781w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-scaled-600x786.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-768x1007.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-1172x1536.jpg 1172w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-1563x2048.jpg 1563w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-scaled.jpg 1953w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_544623\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edward J. Loder,<em> Eliza&#8217;s Flight: A Scene<\/em> <em>from <\/em>Uncle Tom&#8217;s Cabin (1852)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Frederick Douglass introduced this account of his \u201cbattle with Mr. Covey,\u201d the plantation overseer, by telling the reader, \u201cYou have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man.\u201d Why did Douglass present slavery and manhood as mutually exclusive? In what sense did this physical confrontation transform Douglass from a slave into a man?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stowe\u2019s novel, <em>Uncle Tom\u2019s Cabin<\/em>, inspired artists and musicians throughout the North to create works based on the novel\u2019s characters. In this famous scene, the enslaved woman Eliza leaps across the ice floes on the Ohio River, clutching her small son. The slave trader Haley and his assistants look on in anger and helplessness, unwilling to attempt to cross the river themselves. How was this scene designed to elicit readers\u2019 sympathy for the abolitionist cause?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare the representations of resistance and freedom in this passage from Douglass\u2019 autobiography and the scene from <em>Uncle Tom\u2019s Cabin<\/em>. What meanings of freedom represented in these works? How do they present enslaved people as heroes?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Examine the two engravings of \u201cThe Escaped Slave\u201d that appeared in <em>Harper\u2019s Weekly <\/em>magazine.<\/a> he man had fled from Montgomery, Alabama, to enlist in the United States Army. Compare the man\u2019s clothing, expression, and posture in the two images. How had his appearance changed?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>William Still was a prominent abolitionist and participant in the Underground Railroad, the network of secret routes and safe houses that helped slaves escape to the North and Canada. After the Civil War, Still collected and published a book containing stories and illustrations of people\u2019s efforts in the Underground Railroad. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_705182\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">One of these stories concerns Henry Box Brown, who escaped slavery by packing himself into a crate and mailing himself from Richmond, Virginia, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<\/a> Why is this illustration titled \u201cThe Resurrection of Henry Box Brown\u201d? What are the possible meanings of the word <em>resurrection<\/em> in this context?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-the-contraband\">The Contraband<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_754872\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"749\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-749x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13164\" style=\"width:360px;height:492px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-749x1024.jpg 749w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-scaled-300x410.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-scaled-600x820.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-219x300.jpg 219w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-768x1050.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-1124x1536.jpg 1124w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-1498x2048.jpg 1498w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-scaled.jpg 1873w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_754872\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bobbett-Hooper, &#8220;The New Place,&#8221; <em>Vanity Fair <\/em>(1862)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As historian Kate Masur explains, Northerners began to use the term <em>contraband<\/em> to refer to escaped slaves within weeks of the start of the Civil War. Three enslaved men approached the U.S. general Benjamin F. Butler at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, in May 1861. Their owner, a Confederate officer, soon demanded that the U.S. soldiers allow him to take the men back into slavery. Butler was not sure what to do. Lincoln had recently said his administration had no intention \u201cto interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.\u201d But Butler had no desire to give the Confederate colonel what he wanted. So Butler invented a policy on the spot. He declared the men \u201ccontraband of war,\u201d meaning that they were \u201cproperty destined for use in the enemy\u2019s war effort,\u201d and could therefore be held by U.S. troops. Butler\u2019s contraband policy was soon superseded by a federal law authorizing U.S. soldiers to refuse to cooperate with Confederate sympathizers seeking to recapture freedom seekers. Yet, Masur writes, \u201cas a name for fleeing slaves, \u2018contraband\u2019 had significance\u2026beyond anything Butler could have predicted\u2026 The term jumped immediately into popular culture\u201d and was widely used in Northern publications until the end of the war. Masur argues that the term\u2019s popularity illuminates \u201cthe transitional status of the people to whom it referred. They were neither property with a clear owner (as in slavery) nor free people, but something in between.\u201d Representations of escaped slaves as contraband were at least as likely to play on white Northerners\u2019 fears of the consequences of emancipation as they were to celebrate abolition.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_759457\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"831\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-1024x831.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-1024x831.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-600x487.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-768x623.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song.jpg 1158w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_759457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Horace Walters, <em>Oh, Help the Contraband<\/em> (1862)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The song \u201cOh, Help the Contraband\u201d was published by antislavery activists. According to its lyrics, what do the contraband desire from the \u201cpeople of the North\u201d? What did liberty mean to the contraband? How did the song try to reassure people in the North that former slaves would indeed become good citizens?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine the engraving \u201cThe New Place\u201d and its caption, which appeared in the New York humor magazine <em>Vanity Fair<\/em> days before the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. How did this illustration portray the newly freed slave? Describe the man\u2019s dress, posture, and facial expression. Why did the caption describe this \u201ccontraband\u201d as \u201cinevitable\u201d? What does the man\u2019s speculation about a \u201cnew massa\u201d suggest about his readiness for freedom and citizenship?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Describe people\u2019s appearances in the two <em>Harper\u2019s<\/em> engravings below that portray freedom seekers joining U.S. troops. What are their ages and genders? How are they dressed? What emotions do their postures and faces convey? What do the images suggest about the condition of slavery, the process of escape, or the potential for freed people to become full citizens?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare the images and texts portraying the \u201ccontraband\u201d to those grouped under the heading \u201cThe Fugitive.\u201d In what ways are the documents similar and in what ways are they different?&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-selection-engravings-from--harpers-weekly--showing-escaped-slaves--contrabands-coming-into-camp-in-consequence-of-the-proclamation-january-31-1863--and--the-effects-of-the-proclamation-february-21-1863-\">Selection: Engravings from <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly<\/em> showing escaped slaves: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-10\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Contrabands Coming into Camp in Consequence of the Proclamation (January 31, 1863)<\/a> and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-11\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;The Effects of the Proclamation&#8221; (February 21, 1863)<\/a>.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13165\" data-id=\"13165\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-1024x683.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">A. R. Waud, &#8220;Contrabands Coming into Camp in Consequence of the Proclamation,&#8221; Harper&#8217;s Weekly (January 31, 1863)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13169\" data-id=\"13169\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-1024x717.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-1024x717.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-600x420.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-768x538.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">&#8220;The Effects of the Proclamation,&#8221; Harper&#8217;s Weekly (February 21, 1863)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-post-emancipation\">Post-Emancipation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_163501\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"781\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-781x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13170\" style=\"width:292px;height:382px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-781x1024.jpg 781w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-scaled-600x786.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-768x1007.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-1172x1536.jpg 1172w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-1562x2048.jpg 1562w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-scaled.jpg 1953w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_163501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">W. H. Pratt, <em>Proclamation of Emancipation Abraham Lincoln<\/em> (1867)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The documents in this section approach the legacy of the Emancipation Proclamation from two different directions: first, in relation to Lincoln\u2019s reputation and, second, in relation to the status and experiences of African Americans during Reconstruction. The portrait of Lincoln was created by W. H. Pratt in 1867, two years after Lincoln\u2019s assassination and the end of the Civil War. The words of the Emancipation Proclamation are written in calligraphy across the page to form a drawing of Lincoln\u2019s face. The second document, an excerpt of an 1883 speech by Frederick Douglass, addressed the nation\u2019s continuing failure to fulfill its commitment to African American freedom and citizenship. Douglass had escaped slavery in 1838 and became a prominent writer and orator for abolition, women\u2019s suffrage, and racial justice.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"10-selection-frederick-douglass-speech-in-louisville-ky-in--three-addresses-on-the-relations-subsisting-between-the-white-and-colored-people-of-the-united-states--8-10-1883\">Selection: Frederick Douglass, Speech in Louisville, KY, in <em>Three Addresses on the Relations Subsisting between the White and Colored People of the United States<\/em>, 8-10 (1883)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"835\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13166\" data-id=\"13166\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-1024x835.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-1024x835.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-300x245.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-scaled-600x489.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-768x626.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-1536x1253.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-2048x1670.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Frederick Douglass, Speech in Louisville, KY, in Three Addresses on the Relations Subsisting between the White and Colored People of the United States, 8-9 (1883)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17672\" data-id=\"17672\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10-618x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10-618x1024.jpg 618w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10-300x497.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10-600x994.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10-181x300.jpg 181w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10-768x1272.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10-927x1536.jpg 927w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10-1236x2048.jpg 1236w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Douglass_Address_p10.jpg 1501w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Frederick Douglass, Speech in Louisville, KY, in Three Addresses on the Relations Subsisting between the White and Colored People of the United States, 10 (1883)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did Pratt\u2019s portrait of Lincoln commemorate the president? What does the portrait suggest about the status of the Emancipation Proclamation among all of Lincoln\u2019s actions?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do you think Douglass meant by the phrase \u201cthe color line\u201d? What social, economic, and political conditions did African Americans face in the 1880s, according to Douglass? How did Douglass\u2019 concerns about the condition of African Americans following emancipation compare to the concerns of white Northerners expressed elsewhere in this document collection? \u2003&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Slavery and the Emancipation Proclamation <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The map below portrays Lincoln and the Republican Party&#8217;s opposition to the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act for allowing slavery to advance into new territories, while the letters by Lincoln included below\u2013both written after the Emancipation Proclamation and less than a year apart\u2013capture his evolving position on the question of emancipation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSPR4F_K?FR_=1&amp;W=1209&amp;H=676\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"991\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-991x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Colored map of the United States showing the comparative area of the free and slave states. \" class=\"wp-image-13168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-991x1024.jpg 991w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-300x310.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-600x620.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-290x300.jpg 290w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-768x794.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map-1486x1536.jpg 1486w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reynolds-Political-Map.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 991px) 100vw, 991px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSPR4F_K?FR_=1&amp;W=1209&amp;H=676\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William C. Reynolds, <em>Reynolds&#8217;s Political Map of the United States<\/em> (1856)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_408559\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"715\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-715x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Printed letter from Abraham Lincoln to Albert Hodges in Greeley.\" class=\"wp-image-13173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-715x1024.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-300x430.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-600x860.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod-768x1101.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Hodges1_p69_mod.jpg 986w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_408559\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Abraham Lincoln to Albert Hodges in <em>Greeley on Lincoln<\/em>, 69 (April 4, 1864)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_522297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"855\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-1024x855.jpg\" alt=\"Printed letter from Lincoln to James Conkling. \" class=\"wp-image-13174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-1024x855.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-600x501.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21-768x641.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln_letter_to_Conkling_p20_21.jpg 1121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_522297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Abraham Lincoln to James Conkling in <em>The Letters of President Lincoln<\/em> (August 26, 1863)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Representations of Freedom Seekers<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Documents like these ones below\u2013which range from the autobiographical account of the <em>Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass<\/em> and an illustration inspired by the novel <em>Uncle Tom&#8217;s Cabin<\/em> to sheet music and an array of magazine publications\u2013depict various representations of freedom seekers, which played a crucial role in abolitionist literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_705182\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-1024x800.jpg\" alt=\"Image of four men standing around a box which Henry Brown is kneeling in. \" class=\"wp-image-13171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-1024x800.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-600x469.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown-768x600.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resurrection_of_Henry_Box_Brown.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_705182\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Still, &#8220;The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown,&#8221; in <em>The Underground Railroad<\/em> (1872)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_357220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"827\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-1024x827.jpg\" alt=\"Title page and frontispiece with portrait of Frederick Douglass. \" class=\"wp-image-13163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-1024x827.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-scaled-600x484.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-768x620.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-1536x1240.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Narrative_frontispiece__tp-2048x1654.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_357220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Frederick Douglass, <em>Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass<\/em>, title page and frontispiece (1845)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_544623\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"781\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-781x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A scene from Uncle Tom's Cabin where Eliza is fleeing with her baby across a river from three angry men. \" class=\"wp-image-13167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-781x1024.jpg 781w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-scaled-600x786.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-768x1007.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-1172x1536.jpg 1172w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-1563x2048.jpg 1563w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Elizas_Flight-scaled.jpg 1953w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_544623\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edward J. Loder, <em>Eliza&#8217;s Flight: A Scene from Uncle Tom&#8217;s Cabin <\/em>(1852)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"483\" height=\"725\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Harpers_Escaped_Slave-edited.jpg\" alt=\"Black man in shabby clothing sitting on a stool. \" class=\"wp-image-23274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Harpers_Escaped_Slave-edited.jpg 483w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Harpers_Escaped_Slave-edited-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">T. B. Bishop, &#8220;The Escaped Slave,&#8221; <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly<\/em> (1864)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_754872\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"749\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-749x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Cartoon character moving towards a door carrying a knapsack. \" class=\"wp-image-13164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-749x1024.jpg 749w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-scaled-300x410.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-scaled-600x820.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-219x300.jpg 219w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-768x1050.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-1124x1536.jpg 1124w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-1498x2048.jpg 1498w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vanity_Fair_New_Place-scaled.jpg 1873w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_754872\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bobbett-Hooper, &#8220;The New Place,&#8221; <em>Vanity Fair<\/em> (1862)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_759457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"831\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-1024x831.jpg\" alt=\"Printed text from the song &quot;Oh, Help the Contraband&quot;. \" class=\"wp-image-13172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-1024x831.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-600x487.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song-768x623.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contraband_song.jpg 1158w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_759457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Horace Walters, &#8220;Oh, Help the Contraband&#8221; (1862)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Black men, women, and children\u2014formerly enslaved\u2014arrive at a Union Army camp seeking freedom and protection after the Emancipation Proclamation. They carry belongings and walk alongside wagons, while Union soldiers observe or assist. The scene conveys movement, urgency, and the impact of wartime policy on the lives of African Americans.\" class=\"wp-image-13165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Contrabands_Coming_into_Camp.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A. R. Waud, &#8220;Contrabands Coming into Camp in Consequence of the Proclamation,&#8221; <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly<\/em> (January 31, 1863)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-1024x717.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration depicting the consequences of the Emancipation Proclamation: formerly enslaved African Americans are shown moving toward freedom, with Union soldiers present. The image highlights the social and military impact of the proclamation during the Civil War.\" class=\"wp-image-13169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-1024x717.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-600x420.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation-768x538.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers_Effects_of_Proclamation.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;The Effects of the Proclamation,&#8221; <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly <\/em>(February 21, 1863)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Post-Emancipation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>These documents, an 1867 portrait of Lincoln after his death and an 1883 speech by Frederick Douglass, speak to the legacies of the Emancipation Proclamation in shaping the memory of Lincoln and the experiences of African Americans during Reconstruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_163501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"781\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-781x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Abraham Lincoln with hundreds of words on top. \" class=\"wp-image-13170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-781x1024.jpg 781w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-scaled-600x786.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-768x1007.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-1172x1536.jpg 1172w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-1562x2048.jpg 1562w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-scaled.jpg 1953w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_163501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">W. H. Pratt, <em>Proclamation of Emancipation Abraham Lincoln <\/em>(1867)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_357286\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"835\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-1024x835.jpg\" alt=\"Text from Frederick Douglass's speech. \" class=\"wp-image-13166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-1024x835.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-300x245.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-scaled-600x489.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-768x626.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-1536x1253.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod-2048x1670.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_357286\/Douglass_Address_pp8-9_mod.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Frederick Douglass, Speech in Louisville, KY, in<em> Three Addresses on the Relations Subsisting between the White and Colored People of the United States<\/em>, 8-9 (1883)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"12-selected-sources\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Leslie M. Harris. <em>In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626\u20131863.<\/em> 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Library of Congress. <em>With Malice Toward None: The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Exhibition<\/em> [online exhibit]. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/myloc.gov\/Exhibitions\/lincoln\/Pages\/Default.aspx\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/myloc.gov\/Exhibitions\/lincoln\/Pages\/Default.aspx<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Abraham Lincoln. <em>Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War.<\/em> Edited by Michael P. Johnson. 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kate Masur. \u201c\u2018A Rare Phenomenon of Philological Vegetation\u2019: The Word \u2018Contraband\u2019 and the Meanings of Emancipation in the United States.\u201d Journal of American History (March 2007): 1050\u20131084.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Newberry Library and Chicago History Museum. <em>Lincoln at 200 <\/em>[online exhibit]. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/publications.newberry.org\/lincoln\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/publications.newberry.org\/lincoln<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Terra Foundation for American Art. <em>The Civil War in Art: Teaching and Learning through Chicago Collections.<\/em> www.civilwarinart.org.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Related Resources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Lessons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"982\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-10.38.06-PM.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of lesson entitled &quot;Perspectives on the United States&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-10.38.06-PM.png 748w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-10.38.06-PM-229x300.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Perspectives on the United States by Hilary Mac Austin and Kathleen Thompson<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What were Lincoln&#8217;s arguments against slavery? What distinctions did Lincoln and other white Northerners draw between ending the institution of slavery, saving the Union, and achieving racial equality? What feelings and concerns did writers and artists\u2014both white and African American\u2014express about the consequences of emancipation?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14749,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[83,164],"tags":[172,174,165],"class_list":["post-14418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-african-american","tag-politics-government","tag-us-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pratt_Lincoln_Emancipation_portrait-scaled-e1601666689841.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14418"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14418\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24404,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14418\/revisions\/24404"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14749"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14418"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}