{"id":14423,"date":"2012-11-07T20:51:18","date_gmt":"2012-11-07T20:51:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14423"},"modified":"2025-08-15T21:26:23","modified_gmt":"2025-08-15T21:26:23","slug":"immigration-and-citizenship","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14423","title":{"rendered":"Immigration and Citizenship in the United States, 1865-1924"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is the United States \u201ca nation of immigrants,\u201d a \u201cland of opportunity,\u201d and refuge for the world\u2019s persecuted and poor? Is the country made stronger by its ability to welcome and absorb people from around the world? Or are the new arrivals a burden? Should the United States close its borders to immigrants because of their numbers, their countries of origin, their politics, religions, financial means, educational levels, or medical conditions\u2014all of which have been factors in one or more immigration laws over the past 150 years? What does it mean to be an immigrant, to be born in one country and spend much of one\u2019s life in another? What consequences does immigration have for the individuals, families, and communities who migrate?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p><strong>Almost since the founding of the republic, Americans and their legislators have weighed the benefits of welcoming new citizens from around the world against the benefits of restricting immigration, monitoring the activities of the foreign born in the United States, and narrowing the path to citizenship.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Debates over immigration dominate today\u2019s newspaper headlines and political campaigns. These debates may be new in some of their particular concerns (the border with Mexico, Islamist terrorism), but many of the questions raised and arguments presented would have been deeply familiar to a reader in 1900. Almost since the founding of the republic, Americans and their legislators have weighed the benefits of welcoming new citizens from around the world against the benefits of restricting immigration, monitoring the activities of the foreign born in the United States, and narrowing the path to citizenship. One line of debate has focused on the issue of political influence and, specifically, the fear that foreigners within the United States promoted political radicalism. With the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, the U.S. Congress and President John Adams sought to limit the influence of the French Revolution by deporting certain immigrants and closing immigrant-owned, opposition presses on the grounds of treason. In the late nineteenth century, immigration laws specifically forbade entry to any suspected anarchists; Communists would be targeted later in the twentieth century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another line of debate over immigration has focused on its economic impact. U.S. policy makers have vacillated between accommodating agricultural and industrial employers, who demanded a broad, inexpensive, and often temporary labor pool, and workers, who objected that the influx of immigrant labor created too much competition and drove down wages. Immigration from Latin America, for example, may seem the overriding issue today, but was not restricted at all until 1965, largely because of the demand for Mexican agricultural labor in Southwestern and Western states. The Chinese, in contrast, became the first ethnic group specifically barred from entry to the United States with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, passed under pressure from white workers\u2019 organizations in the West that resented Chinese competition for jobs in mining and railroad construction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, debates over immigration often turn on understandings of cultural difference and on changing expectations of how foreign-born people should adapt to and participate in American society. There have always been two primary paths to U.S. citizenship: One is through being born in the United States. The other is through naturalization, the legal process by which individuals apply for and are admitted to citizenship. But beyond this legal process, what are the expectations of citizenship? What is the process of assimilation, or absorption into, American culture? Can immigrants retain the customs or languages of their countries of origin and participate sufficiently in American society or are these practices in conflict? And which groups\u2014government officials, politicians, journalists, \u201cnative-born\u201d citizens, or immigrants themselves\u2014should be in a position to decide?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This collection explores the subject of immigration in U.S. history with particular attention to the two and a half decades from 1890 to the start of World War I. As historian Roger Daniels explains in <em>Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy Since 1882<\/em>, the late nineteenth century witnessed an enormous increase in the number of arriving immigrants. More immigrants\u201411.7 million\u2014came to the United States between 1871 and 1901 than had arrived in the United States and the British North American colonies during the preceding three centuries combined. (The U.S. population was 76.2 million in 1900.) Between 1900 and 1914, 12.9 million new immigrants arrived. These turn-of-the-century immigrants came primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, and were largely Italians, Jews, and Poles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This period also saw significant changes in the government\u2019s management of immigration. In 1891, the U.S. Congress determined that the issue would fall, exclusively, under national control. Congress removed any power that state commissions had previously held and established a new federal Bureau of Immigration. In 1892, the Bureau opened the Ellis Island immigrant receiving station in New York, through which approximately 70 percent of all immigrants would pass over the coming decades. Federal laws proceeded to restrict immigration over the coming decades, culminating in the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924. This act imposed a national quota system based on the 1890 census. As a result, foreign countries were allotted a specific number of annual entries to the United States in proportion to their presence in the United States in 1890. The act favored nationalities such as English, Irish, and Germans who had arrived before 1890 and severely limited arrivals from Eastern and Southern Europe. No numerical limit was placed on immigration from North or South America. Asians were completely excluded as they remained ineligible for citizenship. Other categories of people were excluded because they were deemed criminals or otherwise immoral, paupers (very poor people), contract laborers, political radicals, illiterates, or physically or mentally unfit. In 1943, Congress repealed the exclusion acts and established quotas for people from Asian countries. But the 1924 law remained largely in effect until the Immigration Act of 1965, which ended the national quotas system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The documents here approach the history of immigration and citizenship from several different angles: national and personal identity, the experience of immigration, immigrant life in the cities, and political debates over immigration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Please consider the following as you review the documents<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What role has immigration played in the formation of America\u2019s national identity? In what ways are immigrants central to American ideals and in what ways have they been seen as threats to those ideals?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identify the terms of debate regarding the social effects of immigration. What arguments have people made about the impact of immigration on American society? What have been the perceived consequences\u2014positive and negative\u2014of new arrivals from around the world?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider the experience of immigration. How do writings by immigrants contribute to the debates over immigration? How do they reframe our understanding of both personal and national identity?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nation of Immigrants<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_318118\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"938\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-1024x938.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13244\" style=\"width:353px;height:322px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-1024x938.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-300x275.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-scaled-600x550.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-768x704.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-1536x1408.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-2048x1877.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_318118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">J. Hector St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, &#8220;What Is an American?&#8221; in <em>Letters from an American Farmer<\/em> (1793)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These three documents represent different moments in what is now a long tradition of defining America as a nation of immigrants. Cr\u00e8vecoeur offers one of the earliest formulations of this idea\u2014and of the metaphor of different races \u201cmelted\u201d together\u2014in this passage from <em>Letters from an American Farmer<\/em>, written at the start of the American Revolution. Cr\u00e8vecoeur was born in France in 1735 and moved to the British colony of New York at the age of 24, where he bought a large farm and settled down to raise a family seven years before the start of the war. In <em>Letters from an American Farmer<\/em>, he adopts the persona of James, a Pennsylvania farmer, who writes to a friend in England to explain American ways. (Ironically, Cr\u00e8vecoeur did not favor American independence from England and lost his family as well as his farm in New York in the violence of the Revolution.) \u201cUncle Sam\u2019s Thanksgiving Dinner\u201d appeared in the magazine <em>Harper\u2019s Weekly<\/em> just four years after the close of the Civil War, as many Americans were trying to envision national identity in the wake of such a profound internal rupture. It also responds to early debates around restricting Chinese immigration. The poet Emma Lazarus grew up in New York in a Jewish family of Portuguese descent in the nineteenth century. After 1879, she became particularly concerned about the persecution of Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe. She wrote this poem in 1883 to help raise money for a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty on Ellis Island. This poem was installed on a bronze plaque inside the statue in 1903, after her death. [Please note: The old colossus mentioned at the start of the poem is the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The twin cities are New York and Brooklyn, not yet consolidated into one entity.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-13\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-1024x679.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-1024x679.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-scaled-600x398.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-1536x1018.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-2048x1357.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thomas Nast, &#8220;Uncle Sam&#8217;s Thanksgiving Dinner,&#8221; in <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly<\/em> (November 20, 1869)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_513559\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"755\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-1024x755.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-1024x755.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-scaled-600x442.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-768x566.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-1536x1132.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-2048x1509.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_513559\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Emma Lazarus, &#8220;The New Colossus,&#8221; in <em>The Poems of Emma Lazarus<\/em> (1889)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>According to Cr\u00e8vecoeur (or his narrator, James), in what ways does America differ from Europe? What is the character of an American? In what way is he a \u201cnew man, who acts upon new principles\u201d?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does America benefit from its ethnic diversity? What happens to the different national cultures of European immigrants in America? Are distinct national identities preserved?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think that Cr\u00e8vecoeur created an ethnically English character to narrate his work and personify the \u201cAmerican farmer\u201d? Why do you think African Americans and Native Americans are absent from his sketch of a representative American?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine the illustration \u201cUncle Sam\u2019s Thanksgiving Dinner.\u201d Which ethnic and racial groups are represented? How are people arranged around Uncle Sam\u2019s table? Is there a hierarchy or do they appear to be equals? Why do you think that Nast chose to include family groups? Who do the pictures on the wall behind them portray?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine the captions within the illustration. What is the illustrator\u2019s message? What do you think is the significance of the illustration\u2019s timing, just four years after the close of the Civil War?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identify America\u2019s characteristics, as personified by the Statue of Liberty. Which terms does Lazarus use to describe the Statue? Compare Lady Liberty to Uncle Sam. How does gender affect the meaning of each of these personifications of America?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How are immigrants portrayed in Lazarus poem? What are their reasons for coming to the United States? What, according to Lazarus, is America\u2019s role in the world?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Immigration Debates in Cartoons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-12\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"692\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-692x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-692x1024.jpg 692w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-scaled-300x444.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-scaled-600x887.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-768x1136.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-1039x1536.jpg 1039w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-1385x2048.jpg 1385w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-scaled.jpg 1731w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thomas Nast, &#8220;The Chinese Question,&#8221; in<em> Harper&#8217;s Weekly<\/em> (February 18, 1871)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These political cartoons from two popular nineteenth-century magazines both take up the question of whether specific national groups should be excluded from American life. The <em>Harper\u2019s<\/em> illustration responded to a bill in the New York legislature that proposed to fine and imprison anyone who hired Chinese contract workers. The illustration accompanied a brief column describing the bill and dismissing the alleged threat of a \u201cChinese invasion\u201d against which American workers must be protected. The columnist concluded that \u201cA majority in this country still adhere to the old Revolutionary doctrine that all men are created free and equal before the law, and possess certain inalienable rights.\u201d Eighteen years later, the <em>Puck<\/em> cartoon takes a quite different approach to the controversy concerning Irish immigrants. This cartoon accompanied an editorial that argued that the United States, like European countries, had developed \u201ca national type\u2026 This type is strong enough to assimilate to itself all foreign types which fall fairly under its influence.\u201d However, the editorial goes on to criticize supporters of Irish independence from England as \u201ca class of voters who are American only in name, and Irish in feeling and conduct.\u201d Both cartoons personify America as Columbia, a goddess-like embodiment of the nation who appears in art and literature from the eighteenth century forward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_625235\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"721\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-721x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-721x1024.jpg 721w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-scaled-300x426.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-scaled-600x852.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-768x1091.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-1081x1536.jpg 1081w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-1442x2048.jpg 1442w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-scaled.jpg 1802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_625235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C. J. Taylor, &#8220;The Mortar of Assimilation&#8211;And the One Element that Won&#8217;t Mix&#8221;, in <em>Puck <\/em>(1889)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Describe the different figures in the <em>Harper\u2019s<\/em> illustration\u2014the Chinese man, Columbia, and the mob of white men on the right. What are their postures? How do they relate to each other?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine the posters on the wall behind Columbia and the Chinese man. What arguments do they make against Chinese immigration? What do the posters as well as the representation of the white mob suggest about its class composition? What evidence do you see that the mob may resort to violence?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The caption reads: \u201cColumbia\u2014\u2018Hands off, gentlemen! America means Fair Play for All Men.\u2019\u201d How do the caption and other elements of the illustration refute the anti-Chinese movement?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the <em>Puck<\/em> cartoon, the man on the rim of the bowl wears a banner that reads \u201cBlaine Irishman\u201d and carries a flag with Irish writing. How does the man appear? How does his appearance support and explain the caption? How does Columbia respond to him?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the process of assimilation\u2014or cultural absorption\u2014involve, according to this representation?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Experiences of Immigrants<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"761\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-1024x761.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-1024x761.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-scaled-600x446.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-768x571.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-1536x1141.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-2048x1522.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-4\" target=\"_blank\">Lewis Hine, &#8220;Immigrant Women in Line for Inspection,&#8221; in <em>The Old World in the New<\/em> by Edward Alsworth Ross, 6 (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"625\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-625x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13236\" style=\"width:310px;height:508px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-625x1024.jpg 625w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-scaled-300x492.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-scaled-600x983.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-768x1259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-937x1536.jpg 937w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-1250x2048.jpg 1250w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-scaled.jpg 1562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-3\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Immigrant Girls Coming to Work&#8230;&#8221; and &#8220;Polish Girls Washing Dishes&#8230;&#8221; in<em> The Old World in the New<\/em> by Edward Alsworth Ross, 217 (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These documents represent various experiences that were shared by many immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1890 and 1924: being inspected at Ellis Island, performing or seeking work, getting lost or searching for relatives who have been lost in transit, and attending civics and English language classes. The photographs appear in Edward Alsworth Ross\u2019 <em>The Old World in the New<\/em>. Ross, a professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, takes a fiercely anti-immigrant stance in his book. However, these photographs, taken by journalists and reformers, offer a compelling record of immigrant experiences and a counterweight to Ross\u2019 rhetoric, examined later in this collection. Edith Abbott was an economist, social worker, and educator who helped establish the School of Social Service Administration (SSA) at the University of Chicago and served 18 years as its dean. These documents are selected from a source book that she compiled from government records, scholarly articles, and other sources for the benefit of SSA students.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selection: Edith Abbott, <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_186511\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Line Inspection at Ellis Island&#8221;<\/a> and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_186511-3\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Immigrant Girls Traveling Alone who Failed to Reach their Destination&#8221;<\/a>  and <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_186511-2\">Grace Abbott, &#8220;The Unskilled Immigrant in Chicago&#8221;<\/a> in <em>Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records<\/em>, 244-247, 418 and 610-611 (1924).<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"755\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13228\" data-id=\"13228\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp244-245-1-1024x755.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp244-245-1-1024x755.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp244-245-1-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp244-245-1-scaled-600x443.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp244-245-1-768x566.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp244-245-1-1536x1133.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp244-245-1-2048x1510.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith Abbott, &#8220;Line Inspection at Ellis Island,&#8221; in Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records, 244-245 (1924)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"756\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17235\" data-id=\"17235\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp246-247-2-1024x756.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp246-247-2-1024x756.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp246-247-2-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp246-247-2-scaled-600x443.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp246-247-2-768x567.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp246-247-2-1536x1134.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Abbott-Line-Inspection-pp246-247-2-2048x1513.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith Abbott, &#8220;Line Inspection at Ellis Island,&#8221; in Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records, 246-247 (1924)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"794\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13234\" data-id=\"13234\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-1024x794.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-1024x794.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-scaled-600x465.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-768x595.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-1536x1190.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-2048x1587.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edith Abbott, &#8220;Immigrant Girls Traveling Alone Who Failed to Reach Destination,&#8221; in Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records, 610-611 (1924)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"681\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13233\" data-id=\"13233\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-681x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-681x1024.jpg 681w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-scaled-300x451.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-scaled-600x902.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-768x1154.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-1022x1536.jpg 1022w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-1362x2048.jpg 1362w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-scaled.jpg 1703w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Grace Abbott, &#8220;The Unskilled Immigrant in Chicago,&#8221; in Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records, 481 (1924)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-648x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13235\" style=\"width:292px;height:461px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-648x1024.jpg 648w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-scaled-300x474.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-scaled-600x949.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-768x1214.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-972x1536.jpg 972w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-1296x2048.jpg 1296w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-scaled.jpg 1619w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-2\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Y.M.C.A. Class of Slovenes&#8230;&#8221; and \u201cClass of Foreign-Born Women&#8230;\u201d, in <em>The Old World in the New<\/em> by Edward Alsworth Ross, 277 (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Describe the photographed women in line at Ellis Island. How are they dressed? What do their expressions or postures tell you?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to the essay \u201cLine Inspection at Ellis Island,\u201d written by a Bureau of Immigration inspector, what process did people go through when they arrived at Ellis Island? Describe the techniques that inspectors used to determine if a person was eligible for admission to the United States. How did inspectors sort the admitted people from those requiring further examination? Which physical and mental conditions disqualified a person from admission? What other attributes rendered a person \u201cunfit\u201d? How do you think you would feel going through this inspection?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Describe the women at work in Chicago in the two photographs. What kind of work do they do and, as far as you can tell, under what conditions? How are they dressed? Compare these women to those in line at Ellis Island.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to Grace Abbott (Edith\u2019s sister and a social worker and policy maker) in \u201cThe Unskilled Immigrant in Chicago,\u201d what challenges did immigrant men face in finding work?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider the photographs of people attending civics and English language classes. What is the purpose of these classes, especially tailored to immigrants?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Neighborhoods and Tenements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_92356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Samuel Sewell Greeley, <em>Nationalities Map No. 1-4, Polk St. to Twelfth, Chicago <\/em>(1895) <\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"326\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13077\" data-id=\"13077\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map-1024x326.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map-1024x326.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map-scaled-600x191.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map-768x244.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map-1536x488.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map-2048x651.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Samuel Sewell Greeley, Nationalities Map No. 1-4, Polk St. to Twelfth, Chicago (1895) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"760\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17233\" data-id=\"17233\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-760x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-760x1024.jpg 760w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-300x404.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-600x808.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-1141x1536.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1.jpg 1417w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Samuel Sewell Greeley, Nationalities Map No. 1-4, Polk St. to Twelfth, Chicago, detail (1895) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"674\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-1024x674.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-1024x674.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-scaled-600x395.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-768x506.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-1536x1012.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-2048x1349.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422\" target=\"_blank\">Edward Alsworth Ross, &#8220;Distribution of Foreign-Born Whites in the United States&#8221; in <em>The Old World in the New,<\/em> 241 (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The great majority of turn-of-the-century immigrants settled in cities, such as New York and Chicago. The two maps included in this section offer graphic representations of the distribution of immigrants at both local and national levels. Samuel Sewell Greeley\u2019s <em>Nationalities Map<\/em> was published by Hull House in 1895 as part of a project to document and describe how people lived and worked in Chicago\u2019s poorest neighborhoods. Hull House was a settlement house established in Chicago\u2019s Near West Side slum as part of a movement to redress the widening gulf between the poor and the affluent in America\u2019s cities. Middle-class women and men lived at Hull House and provided services, classes, and organizational support to people in the neighborhood. In order to gather information to create this map and others, staff from Hull House and the federal Bureau of Labor went through the neighborhood house by house and asked residents about their ethnic origins, their work and wages, and the number of people in their households. Edward Alsworth Ross, a sociology professor at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, saw the urban settlement patterns of immigrants as a problem. He argued that the new arrivals would overwhelm cities\u2019 capacities to provide housing and other services. Ross created this map to illustrate the concentration of new immigrants in cities throughout the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indeed, the work of Jacob Riis vividly portrays the difficult living conditions that many immigrants faced in New York City. Riis was a Danish immigrant, who experienced severe poverty himself before becoming a celebrated photographer and social reformer advocating on behalf of the urban poor. In <em>How the Other Half Lives<\/em>, Riis documented conditions in the slums of New York\u2019s Lower East Side\u2014at the time, the most densely populated place on earth. Unlike Ross, who sought to address urban conditions by severely restricting the flow of new immigrants, Riis responded to these conditions by seeking to change them. He initiated a campaign to reform building codes and improve living conditions in the tenements, the dark, crowded, over-priced structures which housed three-quarters of New York\u2019s population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selection: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316-3\" target=\"_blank\">Description of Tenement Buildings (pages 18-20)<\/a>, <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316-2\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;The Bend,&#8221;<\/a> and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Bohemian Cigarmakers at Work in their Tenement&#8221;<\/a> from <em>How the Other Half Lives<\/em> by Jacob A. Riis (1890).<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"745\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13240\" data-id=\"13240\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-1024x745.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-1024x745.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-scaled-600x437.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-768x559.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-1536x1118.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-2048x1491.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Jacob A Riis, Description of tenement buildings from How the Other Half Lives, 18-19 (1890)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"675\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17234\" data-id=\"17234\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-675x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-675x1024.jpg 675w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-scaled-300x455.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-scaled-600x910.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-768x1165.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-1013x1536.jpg 1013w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-1350x2048.jpg 1350w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Riis-tenements-p20-2-scaled.jpg 1688w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Jacob A Riis, Description of tenement buildings from How the Other Half Lives, 20 (1890)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"766\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13230\" data-id=\"13230\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-1024x766.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-1024x766.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-scaled-600x449.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-768x574.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-1536x1149.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-2048x1532.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Jacob A Riis, &#8220;The Bend,&#8221; in How the Other Half Lives (1890)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"839\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13229\" data-id=\"13229\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-1024x839.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-1024x839.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-scaled-600x492.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-768x629.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-1536x1259.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-2048x1678.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Jacob A Riis, &#8220;Bohemian Cigarmakers,&#8221; in How the Other Half Lives (1890)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2003 <em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the <em>Nationalities Map<\/em> closely. Which nationalities and races are represented here and in what proportions? (Please note: Bohemian refers to people now known as Czech.) What criteria were used to define each group? On what basis do you think the map\u2019s creator decided which color to assign each group?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On the <em>Nationalities Map<\/em>, what patterns do you notice in the distribution of specific ethnic groups throughout the neighborhood? Are groups evenly dispersed? What do you find surprising about the neighborhood\u2019s composition? How does it compare to the ethnic composition of your neighborhood?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As illustrated in Ross\u2019 map, where did recent immigrants settle in the United States in 1910?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Study Riis\u2019 diagram and description of the tenement building. Where are the windows and doors? What would the middle rooms of the tenement have been like? What do you think it would have been like to live in such a building?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do these photographs, taken by Riis himself, tell us about immigrants\u2019 lives in New York?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nativism<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Edward Ross was a sociologist at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison in the early twentieth century. He endorsed nativism, or the favoring of native-born inhabitants over immigrants, and advocated severe restrictions on immigration. In the preface to this book, he responds to people who see the welcoming of new immigrants as part of America\u2019s democratic and humanitarian promise by writing, \u201cI am not of those who consider humanity and forget the nation, who pity the living but not the unborn\u2026I regard [America] as a nation whose future may be of unspeakable value to the rest of mankind, provided that the easier conditions of life here be made permanent by high standards of living, institutions and ideals\u2026We could have helped the Chinese a little by letting their surplus millions swarm in upon us a generation ago; but we helped them infinitely more by protecting our standards and having something worth their copying when the time came.\u201d He proceeds to argue that \u201cthe original make-up of the American people\u201d was English Puritans, French Protestants, Germans, and Scotch-Irish. He laments that recent immigrants are predominantly Italian, Slavic, and Jewish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selection: Edward Alsworth Ross, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Social Effects of Immigration&#8221;<\/a> and Appendix Data, in <em>The Old World and the New<\/em> (1914).<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"771\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13243\" data-id=\"13243\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-1024x771.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-1024x771.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-scaled-600x452.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-768x578.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-1536x1156.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-2048x1542.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edward Alsworth Ross, &#8220;Social Effects of Immigration,&#8221; The Old World in the New, 228-229 (1914)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"718\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17542\" data-id=\"17542\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_310_311_o2-1024x718.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_310_311_o2-1024x718.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_310_311_o2-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_310_311_o2-scaled-600x420.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_310_311_o2-768x538.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_310_311_o2-1536x1076.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_310_311_o2-2048x1435.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edward Alsworth Ross, The Old World in the New, 310-311 (1914)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"711\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17541\" data-id=\"17541\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_312_313_o2-1024x711.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_312_313_o2-1024x711.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_312_313_o2-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_312_313_o2-scaled-600x417.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_312_313_o2-768x533.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_312_313_o2-1536x1067.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/j_383_756_pg_312_313_o2-2048x1422.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Edward Alsworth Ross, The Old World in the New, 312-313 (1914)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does Ross describe recent immigrants? Why does he believe that they pose such a problem for American society?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which groups of Americans are left out of his discussion of original and \u201cnew\u201d immigrants?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you believe that Ross\u2019 arguments are simply a cover for prejudice against certain nationalities? Is there any legitimate basis for his claims? How would you respond to his arguments? \u2003<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Immigration and Identity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the readings that open this collection address the issue of national identity, these texts by W. E. B. DuBois and Mary Antin explore questions concerning personal identity. DuBois was a prominent African American intellectual and civil rights advocate who, in <em>The Souls of Black Folk<\/em>, examined the history of African Americans and their place within American society. DuBois grew up in Massachusetts, relatively sheltered from racism, and earned a PhD at Harvard. But he lived in an America defined by <em>Plessy v. Ferguson<\/em> (1896), the Supreme Court decision that introduced the doctrine of \u201cseparate but equal\u201d and upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation. In this passage, DuBois considers what it means to be both black and American in a discussion that resonates with immigrant writers who wonder what it means to be both American and Irish or Italian or any other ethnicity. Mary Antin was born into a Jewish family in Polotzk, Russia, in 1881 and moved with her family to Boston when she was 13 years old. Although her father struggled to support the family, Antin received a strong education at the local public schools and grew up to become a celebrated writer and lecturer on the immigrant experience. Her autobiography, <em>The Promised Land<\/em>, portrays her childhood in Polotzk and Boston, contrasting the persecution and oppression that Jews experienced in Russia to the opportunity and success she found in America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_349628-2\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: W. E. B. Du Bois, &#8220;Of Our Spiritual Strivings,&#8221; in <em>The Souls of Black Folk<\/em>, 3-4 (1903)<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_349628-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">.<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"689\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13246\" data-id=\"13246\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-689x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-689x1024.jpg 689w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-scaled-300x445.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-scaled-600x891.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-768x1141.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-1034x1536.jpg 1034w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-1379x2048.jpg 1379w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-scaled.jpg 1724w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W. E. B. du Bois, &#8220;Of Our Spiritual Strivings,&#8221; in The Souls of Black Folk, 3 (1903)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"684\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17232\" data-id=\"17232\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-684x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-684x1024.jpg 684w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-scaled-300x449.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-scaled-600x899.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-768x1150.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-1026x1536.jpg 1026w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-1368x2048.jpg 1368w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p4-mod-scaled.jpg 1709w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">W. E. B. du Bois, &#8220;Of Our Spiritual Strivings,&#8221; in The Souls of Black Folk, 4 (1903)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_200398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Mary Antin, <em>The Promised Land<\/em>, xii-xv, 364 (1912).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"776\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17237\" data-id=\"17237\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp12-13-2-1024x776.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp12-13-2-1024x776.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp12-13-2-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp12-13-2-scaled-600x455.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp12-13-2-768x582.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp12-13-2-1536x1164.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp12-13-2-2048x1552.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mary Antin, The Promised Land, xii-xiii (1912)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"775\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17231\" data-id=\"17231\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp14-15-3-1024x775.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp14-15-3-1024x775.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp14-15-3-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp14-15-3-scaled-600x454.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp14-15-3-768x581.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp14-15-3-1536x1162.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-pp14-15-3-2048x1549.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mary Antin, The Promised Land, xiv-xv (1912)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17236\" data-id=\"17236\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-653x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-653x1024.jpg 653w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-scaled-300x471.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-scaled-600x942.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-768x1205.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-979x1536.jpg 979w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-1305x2048.jpg 1305w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Antin-Promised-Land-conclusion-_p364-4-mod-scaled.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mary Antin, The Promised Land, 364 (1912)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does DuBois characterize the experience of being African American at the turn of the twentieth century? What does he mean by \u201cthis sense of always looking at oneself through the eyes of others, of measuring one\u2019s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity\u201d (p.&nbsp;3)?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do you interpret Antin\u2019s statement: \u201cI am absolutely other than the person whose story I have to tell\u201d (p.&nbsp;i)? What does she mean when she writes of experiencing \u201cmore than one birth of myself\u201d (p.&nbsp;xii)? What do these lines suggest about Antin\u2019s relationship to the past?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider how Antin develops the commonly used metaphors of <em>Old World<\/em> and <em>New World<\/em> to refer, respectively, to Eastern Europe and the United States. What does she mean when she writes, \u201cI began life in the Middle Ages\u201d (p.&nbsp;xiii)? What are the implications of conflating history and geography in this way?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both DuBois and Antin evoke an experience of double identity\u2014DuBois\u2019 \u201cdouble-consciousness\u201d or, in Antin\u2019s words, being \u201cof two worlds.\u201d What do they mean by these phrases? In what ways are their formulations of African American and Jewish American identity similar and in what ways are they different? Do they have the same feelings toward their experience of doubleness? Do they seek the same sort of reconciliation? What, ultimately, are their feelings for America? \u2003<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Immigration Laws and Policies <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This section delves into the legislative frameworks and policies that governed immigration during this period. One line of debate has focused on the issue of political influence and, specifically, the fear that foreigners within the United States promoted political radicalism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"692\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-692x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white illustration responded to a bill in the New York legislature that proposed to fine and imprison anyone who hired Chinese contract workers. The image is Lady Liberty standing over a crouched Chinese man with a mob in the background. \" class=\"wp-image-13238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-692x1024.jpg 692w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-scaled-300x444.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-scaled-600x887.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-768x1136.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-1039x1536.jpg 1039w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-1385x2048.jpg 1385w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Chinese-Question-Cartoon-scaled.jpg 1731w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thomas Nast, &#8220;The Chinese Question,&#8221; in Harper&#8217;s Weekly (February 18, 1871)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_625235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"721\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-721x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Colored image of a person wearing an American flag as a skirt holding a large spoon labeled &quot;Equal Rights&quot;. Inside a large bowl labeled &quot;Citizenship&quot; are men of various nationalities, including a man with an &quot;Irish&quot; sash. \" class=\"wp-image-13245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-721x1024.jpg 721w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-scaled-300x426.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-scaled-600x852.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-768x1091.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-1081x1536.jpg 1081w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-1442x2048.jpg 1442w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Puck-Mortar-of-Assimilation-scaled.jpg 1802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_625235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C. J. Taylor, &#8220;The Mortar of Assimilation&#8211;And the One Element that Won&#8217;t Mix&#8221;, in Puck (1889)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_92356\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"760\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-760x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Detail of a map showing a set of Chicago blocks color coded by the ethnicity of residents. \" class=\"wp-image-17233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-760x1024.jpg 760w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-300x404.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-600x808.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1-1141x1536.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map_detail_No_1.jpg 1417w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_92356\/Greeley_Nationalities_Map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Samuel Sewell Greeley, Nationalities Map No. 1-4, Polk St. to Twelfth, Chicago, (1895) <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"674\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-1024x674.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white map of the United States showing where recent immigrants to the United States had settled based on data from the 1910 census.\" class=\"wp-image-13232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-1024x674.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-scaled-600x395.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-768x506.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-1536x1012.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Distribution-of-Foreign-Born-map-2048x1349.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edward Alsworth Ross, &#8220;Distribution of Foreign-Born Whites in the United States,&#8221; The Old World in the New, (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Immigration Experiences and Perspectives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These documents represent various experiences that were shared by immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1890 and 1924: being inspected at Ellis Island, performing or seeking work, getting lost or searching for relatives who have been lost in transit, and attending civics and English language classes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-1024x679.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white image of diverse group of people joining Uncle Sam\u2019s dinner table just four years after the close of the Civil War, a time when many Americans were trying to re-envision national identity.\" class=\"wp-image-13239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-1024x679.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-scaled-600x398.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-1536x1018.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-Uncle-Sams-Thanksgiving2-2048x1357.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thomas Nast, &#8220;Uncle Sam&#8217;s Thanksgiving Dinner,&#8221; in Harper&#8217;s Weekly (November 20, 1869)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_513559\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"755\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-1024x755.jpg\" alt=\"Two pages of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-1024x755.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-scaled-600x442.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-768x566.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-1536x1132.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lazarus-New-Colossus-2048x1509.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_513559\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Emma Lazarus, &#8220;The New Colossus,&#8221; in The Poems of Emma Lazarus (1889)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"761\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-1024x761.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photograph of immigrant women wearing long skirts and have their hair covered with scarves. \" class=\"wp-image-13237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-1024x761.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-scaled-600x446.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-768x571.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-1536x1141.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-2048x1522.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lewis Hine, &#8220;Immigrant Women in Line for Inspection,&#8221; in The Old World in the New by Edward Alsworth Ross (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"625\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-625x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Two black and white images of immigrant life in America, the first depicting factory girls on their way to work at the Union Stockyards in Chicago, the second showing Polish immigrant girls washing dishes in a below-ground restaurant. \" class=\"wp-image-13236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-625x1024.jpg 625w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-scaled-300x492.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-scaled-600x983.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-768x1259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-937x1536.jpg 937w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-1250x2048.jpg 1250w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Immigrant-girls-at-work-photo-scaled.jpg 1562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Immigrant Girls Coming to Work&#8221; and &#8220;Polish Girls Washing Dishes&#8221; in The Old World in the New by Edward Alsworth Ross (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_186511-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"681\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-681x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Single page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-681x1024.jpg 681w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-scaled-300x451.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-scaled-600x902.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-768x1154.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-1022x1536.jpg 1022w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-1362x2048.jpg 1362w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Unskilled-Immigrant-p481-3-scaled.jpg 1703w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_186511-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Grace Abbott, &#8220;The Unskilled Immigrant in Chicago,&#8221; <em>Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records<\/em>, (1924)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-648x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Two black and white images of immigrant education in Cleveland, Ohio. The first photo shows a YMCA class of Slovenian men observing a meeting of the City Council. The second depicts Austro-Hungarian women attending English classes held at their factory.\" class=\"wp-image-13235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-648x1024.jpg 648w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-scaled-300x474.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-scaled-600x949.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-768x1214.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-972x1536.jpg 972w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-1296x2048.jpg 1296w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-immigrant-education-photo-scaled.jpg 1619w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Y.M.C.A. Class of Slovenes&#8221; and \u201cClass of Foreign-Born Women\u201d, <em>The Old World in the New<\/em>, Edward Alsworth Ross (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"839\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-1024x839.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of a man surrounded by his family making cigars inside a small tenement room. \" class=\"wp-image-13229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-1024x839.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-scaled-600x492.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-768x629.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-1536x1259.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-Bohemian-cigarmakers-photo-2048x1678.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jacob A Riis, &#8220;Bohemian Cigarmakers,&#8221; <em>How the Other Half Lives<\/em> (1890)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316-3\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"745\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-1024x745.jpg\" alt=\"Two pages of text. On the first page is a floor plan describing the new air shaft. \" class=\"wp-image-13240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-1024x745.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-scaled-600x437.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-768x559.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-1536x1118.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1-2048x1491.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316-3\/Riis-tenements-pp18-19-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jacob A Riis, Description of tenement buildings from <em>How the Other Half Lives<\/em>, (1890)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"766\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-1024x766.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photograph of street life on a brick street with many people and wagons. \" class=\"wp-image-13230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-1024x766.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-scaled-600x449.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-768x574.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-1536x1149.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Riis-The-Bend-photo-2048x1532.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_638316-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jacob A Riis, &#8220;The Bend,&#8221; <em>How the Other Half Lives<\/em>, (1890)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_186511-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"794\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-1024x794.jpg\" alt=\"Two pages of text.\" class=\"wp-image-13234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-1024x794.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-scaled-600x465.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-768x595.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-1536x1190.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Abbott-Case-Records-pp610-611-4-2048x1587.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_186511-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edith Abbott, &#8220;Immigrant Girls Traveling Alone Who Failed to Reach Destination,&#8221; <em>Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records<\/em>, (1924)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Naturalization and Citizenship<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This section explores the processes and challenges associated with becoming a U.S. citizen during this period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_200398\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-660x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Single page of text, Introduction.\" class=\"wp-image-13242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-660x1024.jpg 660w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-scaled-300x465.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-scaled-600x930.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-768x1191.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-990x1536.jpg 990w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-1321x2048.jpg 1321w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod-scaled.jpg 1651w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_200398\/Antin-Promised-Land-Intro-p1-1-mod.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mary Antin, <em>The Promised Land<\/em>, (1912)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_349628-2\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"689\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-689x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Single page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-689x1024.jpg 689w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-scaled-300x445.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-scaled-600x891.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-768x1141.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-1034x1536.jpg 1034w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-1379x2048.jpg 1379w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod-scaled.jpg 1724w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_349628-2\/DuBois-Spiritual-Strivings-p3-mod.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">W. E. B. du Bois, &#8220;Of Our Spiritual Strivings,&#8221; <em>The Souls of Black Folk<\/em>, (1903)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_318118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"938\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-1024x938.jpg\" alt=\"Two pages of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-1024x938.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-300x275.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-scaled-600x550.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-768x704.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-1536x1408.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Crevecoeur-what-is-an-American-pp46-47-mod-2048x1877.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_318118\">J. Hector St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, &#8220;What Is an American?&#8221; <em>Letters from an American Farmer, <\/em>(1793)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"771\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-1024x771.jpg\" alt=\"Two pages of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-1024x771.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-scaled-600x452.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-768x578.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-1536x1156.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ross-Old-World-in-New-pp228-229-2048x1542.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_647422-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edward Alsworth Ross, &#8220;Social Effects of Immigration,&#8221; <em>The Old World in the New<\/em>, (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roger Daniels. <em>Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants Since 1882<\/em>. 2004. pp.&nbsp;27\u201358.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mae M. Ngai. <em>Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America.<\/em> 2004. pp.&nbsp;227\u2013264.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=91981589\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Robert Siegel. <em>Jacob Riis: Shedding Light On NYC\u2019s \u201cOther Half.\u201d<\/em><\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jwa.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jewish Women\u2019s Archive<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Related Resources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Lessons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=17805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"578\" height=\"659\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/HullHouse.png\" alt=\"Hull House lesson thumbnail\" class=\"wp-image-22205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/HullHouse.png 578w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/HullHouse-263x300.png 263w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/HullHouse-300x342.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=17805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>The Hull House Neighborhood by Hilary Mac Austin and Kathleen Thompson<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=21294\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"583\" height=\"611\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/PopGrowth.png\" alt=\"Population Growth in Chicago thumbnail\" class=\"wp-image-22206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/PopGrowth.png 583w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/PopGrowth-286x300.png 286w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/PopGrowth-300x314.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 583px) 100vw, 583px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=21294\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Population Growth in Chicago by Kathleen Thompson<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=18003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1010\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-11.07.04-PM.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of activity entitled &quot;Immigration and Universal Suffrage&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-11.07.04-PM.png 752w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-11.07.04-PM-223x300.png 223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=18003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Immigration and Universal Suffrage by Hilary Mac Austin and Kathleen Thompson<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19688\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1010\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-11.18.06-PM-1.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of skills lesson entitled &quot;Skills Lesson: Reading a Caption&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-11.18.06-PM-1.png 752w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-28-at-11.18.06-PM-1-223x300.png 223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19688\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Skills Lesson: Reading a Caption by Hilary Mac Austin and Kathleen Thompson<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What role has immigration played in the formation of America\u2019s national identity and ideals? How have Americans understood and debated the social effects of immigration? How have immigrants portrayed their experiences and contributed to these debates themselves?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14731,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[83,84,164],"tags":[173,165],"class_list":["post-14423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19th-century","category-20th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-immigration-migration","tag-us-history"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Ross-Immigrant-Women-in-Line-photo-scaled-e1601496093697.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14423"}],"version-history":[{"count":39,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24553,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14423\/revisions\/24553"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}