{"id":14443,"date":"2012-05-14T05:50:00","date_gmt":"2012-05-14T05:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14443"},"modified":"2025-06-03T19:53:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-03T19:53:23","slug":"aphra-behn-oroonoko-slavery-and-race-in-the-atlantic-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14443","title":{"rendered":"Aphra Behn&#8217;s Oroonoko: Slavery and Race in the Atlantic World"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aphra Behn published <em>Oroonoko<\/em> in 1688, a time when the Atlantic slave trade and African slavery in the Americas were becoming consolidated as a transnational, economic system. The novel draws on popular forms of literature such as the aristocratic romance, the travel narrative, and social criticism. It suggests some of the ways that English people were beginning to think about racial and cultural difference and about their own role in colonization and the slave trade. The documents that follow develop the context for Behn\u2019s narrative and, more broadly, demonstrate how European writing on race, slavery, and colonialism evolved over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do the documents define specific racial and cultural groups\u2014West Africans, Native Americans, the English, other Europeans\u2014in relation to each other?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do these writers portray Africans and Native Americans as racial \u201cothers\u201d\u2014whether idealized or vilified\u2014and in what ways do these writers try to emphasize universal human characteristics across race and culture?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How is the violence of slavery portrayed in the documents? How are we supposed to feel about it?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do these representations contribute to critiques of English and European society?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How are stories about slavery told and re-told across different literary genres, or types of writing?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Description of Colonial Surinam<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">George Warren\u2019s account of the colony of Surinam includes brief chapters on the climate, natural produce, animals, and, excerpted here, people: African slaves and Caribe Indians. The colony belonged, at this time, to the English, though the Dutch would later claim it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_744049\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: George Warren, <em>An Impartial Description of Surinam Upon the Continent of Guiana in America with a History of Several Strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Customs of That Colony, &amp;c.<\/em>, 19-20, 23-24 (1667).<\/a><br><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"505\" height=\"744\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13065\" data-id=\"13065\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/warren-bw-1.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/warren-bw-1.jpg 505w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/warren-bw-1-300x442.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/warren-bw-1-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">George Warren, An Impartial Description of Surinam Upon the Continent of Guiana in America with a History of Several Strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Customs of That Colony, &amp;c., 19 (1667)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"505\" height=\"744\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18137\" data-id=\"18137\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-2.jpg 505w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-2-300x442.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-2-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">George Warren, An Impartial Description of Surinam Upon the Continent of Guiana in America with a History of Several Strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Customs of That Colony, &amp;c., 20 (1667)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"492\" height=\"744\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18143\" data-id=\"18143\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-3.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-3.jpg 492w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-3-300x454.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-3-198x300.jpg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">George Warren, An Impartial Description of Surinam Upon the Continent of Guiana in America with a History of Several Strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Customs of That Colony, &amp;c., 23 (1667)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"492\" height=\"744\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18142\" data-id=\"18142\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-4.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-4.jpg 492w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-4-300x454.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/warren-bw-4-198x300.jpg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">George Warren, An Impartial Description of Surinam Upon the Continent of Guiana in America with a History of Several Strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Customs of That Colony, &amp;c., 24 (1667)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does Warren portray the treatment of African slaves?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What evidence does he give of Africans\u2019 determination to escape slavery? What tactics do the English use to prevent conspiracies?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Warren characterize the Native Americans? In what ways does he contradict himself?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does their nakedness represent to him? What does the passage imply about his own and other Englishmen\u2019s responses to Native women?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_691265\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"546\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/congreve-bw.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13061\" style=\"width:196px;height:310px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/congreve-bw.jpg 546w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/congreve-bw-300x475.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/congreve-bw-190x300.jpg 190w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_691265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Congreve, <em>Epilogue to Oroonoko <\/em>(1699)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oroonoko on the Stage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thomas Southerne adapted Behn\u2019s narrative for the stage. The English playwright and poet, William Congreve, contributed this epilogue to Southerne\u2019s play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is the tone of this speech? How does it speak to an English audience?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the point of the contrast the narrator draws between Imoinda and \u201cLondon wives\u201d?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Slave Trade in West Africa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">William Snelgrave was the captain of an English slave ship. In this book, he provides a first-hand account of two West African kingdoms, offers his observations on the slave trade, and relates his experience of being taken captive by pirates. Snelgrave devotes the first part of the book primarily to the practices of human sacrifice and cannibalism, as he allegedly observed them, in the kingdom of Dahomey. In the following excerpt from the second part, Snelgrave explains\u2014and defends\u2014the slave trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: William Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade, 158-161 (1734).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"912\" height=\"803\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13060\" data-id=\"13060\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1.jpg 912w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1-600x528.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1-300x264.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1-768x676.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade, 158-159 (1734)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"912\" height=\"803\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18141\" data-id=\"18141\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/snelgrave-bw-2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/snelgrave-bw-2.jpg 912w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/snelgrave-bw-2-300x264.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/snelgrave-bw-2-600x528.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/snelgrave-bw-2-768x676.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade, 160-161 (1734)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do people become slaves, according to Snelgrave\u2019s account?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On what grounds does Snelgrave defend the slave trade? What does he claim are its benefits?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oroonoko and Imoinda<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_226222\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"912\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/delaplace-bw.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13062\" style=\"width:268px;height:477px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/delaplace-bw.jpg 512w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/delaplace-bw-300x534.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/delaplace-bw-168x300.jpg 168w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_226222\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pierre Antoine de La Place, <em>Oronoko, ou Le Prince N\u00e9gre<\/em> (1769)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This French translation of Behn\u2019s novel includes a series of plates representing Oroonoko, Imoinda, and other characters. In Behn\u2019s original narrative, Imoinda is African but, in Southerne\u2019s play and de la Place\u2019s plates, she appears white and European. In the climactic scene portrayed here, Oroonoko has concluded that escape from slavery is impossible and has resolved to kill Imoinda, then his enemies, and then himself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the image closely. What are Oroonoko and Imoinda wearing? How are they positioned? How would you describe the style of the engraving?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How might a representation such as this one appeal to European readers? How would it shape a reader\u2019s understanding of the narrative? How does it contribute to the novel\u2019s representation of slavery and colonialism?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opposition to the Slave Trade<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Olaudah Equiano, also known as Gustavus Vassa, was the slave of an English captain of a merchant ship in the West Indies. Equiano purchased his freedom from his master in 1766. He went on to become an English citizen and an important advocate for the abolition of the slave trade. In 1789 he published his life narrative, which describes his childhood in West Africa and his enslavement, first, by Africans and, then, by English slave traders who transported him to the West Indies. In the passage excerpted here, Equiano describes a slave auction and addresses his readers on the cruelty of the slave trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_356445\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Olaudah Equiano, <em>The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano<\/em>, 86-88 (1789).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"852\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13205\" data-id=\"13205\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1.jpg 852w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1-600x541.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1-300x270.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1-768x692.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, frontispiece and title page (1789)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"914\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18145\" data-id=\"18145\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-2.jpg 914w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-2-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-2-600x504.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-2-768x645.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 914px) 100vw, 914px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 86-87 (1789)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"473\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18146\" data-id=\"18146\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-3.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-3.jpg 473w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-3-300x487.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/equiano-bw-3-185x300.jpg 185w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 88 (1789)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the frontispiece and title page of this edition of Equiano\u2019s narrative. How is he portrayed in this image? How does the image compare to other seventeenth- and eighteenth-century representations of Africans? How do the image and title page work to establish Equiano\u2019s authority as the writer of the narrative?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How is the slave auction conducted? What is the purpose of managing the auction in this way?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who are the readers that Equiano addresses at the end of this chapter? Why does he call them \u201cnominal Christians\u201d? On what grounds does he make his critique of the slave trade?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Images of Colonial Surinam<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John Gabriel Stedman published this narrative based on his experiences in the British navy, which aided the Dutch in suppressing a slave revolt in Surinam in the 1770s. Stedman\u2019s lengthy, wide-ranging narrative includes a large number of plates portraying people (primarily African slaves) as well as indigenous plants and animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: John Gabriel Stedman, Narrative of a Five Years&#8217; Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America, map and images (1796).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"505\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13063\" data-id=\"13063\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-1024x505.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-1024x505.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-600x296.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-768x379.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-1536x758.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-2048x1011.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Gabriel Stedman, Narrative of a Five Years&#8217; Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America, Map of Guiana (1796)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18140\" data-id=\"18140\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Stedman_Guiana_map_detail-722x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Stedman_Guiana_map_detail-722x1024.jpg 722w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Stedman_Guiana_map_detail-300x426.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Stedman_Guiana_map_detail-600x851.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Stedman_Guiana_map_detail-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Stedman_Guiana_map_detail-768x1089.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Stedman_Guiana_map_detail.jpg 817w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Gabriel Stedman, Narrative of a Five Years&#8217; Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America, map detail (1796)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"864\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18139\" data-id=\"18139\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2.jpg 602w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2-300x431.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2-600x861.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2-209x300.jpg 209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Gabriel Stedman, Narrative of a Five Years&#8217; Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America, &#8220;A Negro hung alive by the Ribs to a Gallows&#8221; (1796)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"621\" height=\"864\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18138\" data-id=\"18138\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3.jpg 621w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3-300x417.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3-600x835.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3-216x300.jpg 216w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">John Gabriel Stedman, Narrative of a Five Years&#8217; Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America, &#8220;Indian Family of the Carribbee Nation&#8221; (1796)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How are regions identified on the map? What does this identification suggest about Stedman\u2019s and his readers\u2019 approach to Guiana?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine the image in the upper right corner of the map. Who or what do the figures represent? What kind of narrative does the image imply through the figures\u2019 appearances and positions?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The plate, entitled \u201cA Negro hung alive,\u201d conveys the extraordinary violence that planters used against slaves. The accompanying text describes not only horrific practices of torture and execution, but also reports of African bravery and stoicism in the face of such violence. How does the slave appear in this image? What is his expression? What else appears in the picture? What do these other objects convey? What is left out?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The plate of the \u201cIndian family\u201d accompanies a description of their alleged innocence, happiness, and closeness to nature. The author goes so far as to compare Native Americans to the inhabitants of Eden before Adam\u2019s fall. With this information in mind, how does the family appear in this plate? What are they wearing? What are they holding? In what ways does the image support the claims made in the text? How does the representation of Native Americans contrast to and, implicitly, critique European society?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Despite Stedman\u2019s attention, throughout the book, to the brutality of slavery, he concludes that the institution of slavery should not be abolished, but only rendered more humane. With that conclusion in mind, consider the map and the two plates together. What relationships do these images suggest between the people of Africa, America, and Europe?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Oroonoko<\/em> and the Transatlantic Slave Trade<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Oroonoko<\/em> was published in 1688, a time in which English people were starting to think and write about their role in the consolidation of transatlantic slavery. Shown below are various textual and visual perspectives from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries on the growing slave trade and its racial, geographical, and economic contexts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_744049\/warren-bw-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"505\" height=\"744\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/warren-bw-1.jpg\" alt=\"Page filled with text. Chapter VIII &quot;Of the Negroes or Slaves&quot; from George Warren, An Impartial Description of Surinam Upon the Continent of Guiana in America with a History of Several Strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Customs of That Colony.\" class=\"wp-image-13065\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/warren-bw-1.jpg 505w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/warren-bw-1-300x442.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/warren-bw-1-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_744049\/warren-bw-1.jpg\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_744049\/warren-bw-1.jpg\">George Warren,<em> An Impartial Description of Surinam Upon the Continent of Guiana in America with a History of Several Strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Customs of That Colony, &amp;c.<\/em>, 19-20; 23-24 (1667)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687947\/snelgrave-bw-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"912\" height=\"803\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1.jpg\" alt=\"Two pages filled with text. William Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade.\" class=\"wp-image-13060\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1.jpg 912w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1-600x528.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1-300x264.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/snelgrave-bw-1-768x676.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687947\/snelgrave-bw-1.jpg\">William Snelgrave,<em> A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade<\/em>, 158-161 (1734)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_356445\/equiano-bw-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"852\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Two pages. Frontispiece with picture of Olaudah Equiano. Title page. \" class=\"wp-image-13205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1.jpg 852w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1-600x541.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1-300x270.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/equiano-bw-1-1-768x692.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_356445\/equiano-bw-1.jpg\">Olaudah Equiano, <em>The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano<\/em>, frontispiece and title page (1789)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-1024x505.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Guiana from the Narrative of a Five Years' Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America. \" class=\"wp-image-13063\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-1024x505.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-600x296.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-768x379.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-1536x758.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-2048x1011.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod.jpg\">John Gabriel Stedman, <em>Narrative of a Five Years&#8217; Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America,<\/em> Map of Guiana (1796)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/stedman-bw-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2.jpg\" alt=\"Image of &quot;A Negro hung alive by the Ribs to a Gallows&quot;. \" class=\"wp-image-18139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2.jpg 602w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2-300x431.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2-600x861.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-2-209x300.jpg 209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/stedman-bw-2.jpg\">John Gabriel Stedman,<em> Narrative of a Five Years&#8217; Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America<\/em>, &#8220;A Negro hung alive by the Ribs to a Gallows&#8221; (1796)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/stedman-bw-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"621\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3.jpg\" alt=\"Image of 4 people &quot;Indian Family of the Carribbee Nation&quot;. Male is carrying arrows and bird. Female carrying baby and young child. \" class=\"wp-image-18138\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3.jpg 621w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3-300x417.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3-600x835.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/stedman-bw-3-216x300.jpg 216w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/stedman-bw-3.jpg\">John Gabriel Stedman,<\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/stedman-bw-3.jpg\"> Narrative of a Five Years&#8217; Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America<\/a><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_695328\/stedman-bw-3.jpg\">, &#8220;Indian Family of the Carribbee Nation&#8221; (1796)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Oroonoko<\/em> and adaptation\/translation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Behn&#8217;s novel has been adapted and translated in various forms, including Thomas Southerne&#8217;s play, for which William Congreve wrote an epilogue, shown below. Pierre Antoine de La Place&#8217;s plates, depicting a white European Imoinda, as in Southerne&#8217;s play (contrasting with Behn&#8217;s original, in which she is a Black African), were featured in a French translation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_691265\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"546\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/congreve-bw.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text. Epilogue to Oroonoko. \" class=\"wp-image-13061\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/congreve-bw.jpg 546w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/congreve-bw-300x475.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/congreve-bw-190x300.jpg 190w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_691265\">William Congreve, Epilogue to <em>Oroonoko<\/em> (1699)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_226222\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"912\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/delaplace-bw.jpg\" alt=\"Image of two people in a forest filled with trees. The man is holding a spear and woman is touching the man. \" class=\"wp-image-13062\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/delaplace-bw.jpg 512w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/delaplace-bw-300x534.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/delaplace-bw-168x300.jpg 168w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_226222\">Pierre Antoine de La Place, &#8220;Oronoko, ou Le Prince N\u00e9gre&#8221; (1769)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aphra Behn. Oroonoko<em>: A Norton Critical Edition<\/em>. Ed. Joanna Lipking. 1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Biyi Bandele. <em>Aphra Behn\u2019s<\/em> Oroonoko<em>: In a New Adaptation<\/em>, 1999.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How does Behn\u2019s novel Oroonoko compare to other representations of race, slavery, and colonialism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14597,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[89,103,164],"tags":[168,166],"class_list":["post-14443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-17th-century","category-18th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-literature","tag-world-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Stedman_Guiana_map_mod-e1600722740270.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14443","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14443"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14443\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24091,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14443\/revisions\/24091"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14597"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14443"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14443"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}