{"id":14444,"date":"2012-06-26T15:47:43","date_gmt":"2012-06-26T15:47:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14444"},"modified":"2025-06-03T20:21:25","modified_gmt":"2025-06-03T20:21:25","slug":"anti-statism-in-u-s-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14444","title":{"rendered":"Anti-Statism in U.S. History"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The United States came into being through a colonial revolt against the British monarchy and, ever since, Americans have remained uneasy about the power of the State, or centralized, national government. From the eighteenth century on, American intellectual and political life has included a strong current of anti-statism, hostility toward centralized authority. The nation\u2019s founding documents lay out a vision of limited, federal power: The Declaration of Independence asserts that government exists in order to ensure the rights that people naturally and inherently possess. A just government depends on \u201cthe consent of the governed\u201d and \u201cwhenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government.\u201d These two claims have been extraordinarily important in shaping American political thought: individual liberty takes precedence over government authority and people have the right to overthrow a government that violates their rights to \u201clife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p><strong>The Declaration of Independence asserts that individual liberty takes precedence over government authority and people have the right to overthrow a government that violates their rights.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, anti-statism is, of course, not the only influence within American thought. The Founders could not just reject a government; they also had to create a new one. Initially, under the Articles of Confederation, they designed a very weak national authority and granted each of the 13 states considerable power to independently manage its own affairs. But just five years after the end of the Revolution, a group of citizens called Federalists concluded that this weak national government was a failure. They argued that the country required a stronger federal authority with the power to raise taxes, to regulate interstate commerce, and to conduct relations with foreign countries, among other things. The Federalists supported the ratification of the Constitution, which would establish a stronger central government. Throughout U.S. history, anti-statist currents have regularly come into conflict with demands such as these for the State to play a more active role in managing the nation and its citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following collection of documents explores conflicts over the exercise of State power at three important junctures in U.S. history: the Revolution and national founding, the Civil War, and World War II. At each of these formative moments in national history, some Americans challenged\u2014while others defended\u2014the authority of the federal government over individual citizens and states. It is important to note that, in these documents, anti-statism does not emerge as a coherent ideology. Rather it includes many different forms of opposition to centralized authority, from reasoned debate to organized rebellion to mob violence. What does emerge is a long and varied history of American anti-statist thought and sentiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Please consider the following questions as you review the documents:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What reasons do these writers, politicians, and demonstrators provide for protesting the authority of the State? Why do they perceive the State as a threat? What does it threaten?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do these writers, politicians, and demonstrators choose to express their objections? Why do some choose to publish and engage in debate, while others encourage violent action? What are the results of each approach?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What distinguishes anti-statist thought from other ways of criticizing a president\u2019s policies? What differences exist between any criticism of a given administration and criticism that specifically invokes anti-statist sentiment?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How has this intellectual and political current changed over time? What remains the same? What, if anything, unifies the American tradition of anti-statism?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resistance to British Government<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_84868-2\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"769\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-769x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13125\" style=\"width:309px;height:411px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-769x1024.jpg 769w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-scaled-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-scaled-600x799.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-768x1023.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-1153x1536.jpg 1153w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-1537x2048.jpg 1537w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-scaled.jpg 1922w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_84868-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Dickinson, <em>The Liberty Song<\/em> (1768)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John Dickinson\u2019s \u201cLiberty Song\u201d is considered America\u2019s first significant political song. It was inspired by the Massachusetts Legislature\u2019s \u201cCircular Letter,\u201d published in February 1768. This letter was written by Samuel Adams to protest the Townshend Acts, laws passed by the British Parliament which taxed colonists for goods such as paper, paint, glass, and tea. The taxes were part of a series of laws, including the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act, designed both to raise revenue and to assert tighter political control over the colonies. When Boston residents resisted paying the taxes, the British government sent troops to occupy the city. The conflict resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770 and set the stage for the Revolution six years later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does \u201cThe Liberty Song\u201d mean by the terms <em>freedom<\/em> and <em>liberty<\/em>?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does it position freedom as fundamental to the colonists\u2019 character?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kind of relationship exists or should exist between the people and the State, according to this song?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think these taxes imposed by the British Parliament provoked such deep opposition among colonists?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Debates over the Constitution<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the years 1787 and 1788, Americans hotly debated the merits of the proposed Constitution in newspapers and state legislatures. The essays published under the pseudonym Federal Farmer present some of the more moderate and most influential arguments against the proposed Constitution. Scholars believe the essays were probably written not by a farmer, but by a New York merchant, Melancton Smith, who spoke against the Constitution at New York\u2019s ratification convention. Some Anti-Federalists advocated direct democracy, or the popular participation in government that is only possible when government is local and the population is small, as in rural areas. Others, including Federal Farmer, did not promote populism or agrarianism, but believed in the importance of state legislatures to act as the people\u2019s representatives. Both Anti-Federalist groups expressed concern that the proposed Constitution did not specifically identify the rights held by individuals that the government must respect. They feared that the consolidation of power in the national government would undermine individual liberties and empower a small political elite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_508249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Federal Farmer, Observations Leading to a Fair Examination of the System of Government Proposed by the Late Convention (1787)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13126\" data-id=\"13126\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-654x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-654x1024.jpg 654w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-scaled-300x469.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-scaled-600x939.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-768x1202.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-982x1536.jpg 982w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-1309x2048.jpg 1309w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-scaled.jpg 1636w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Federal Farmer, Observations Leading to a Fair Examination of the System of Government Proposed by the Late Convention, title page (1787)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"643\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18070\" data-id=\"18070\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-643x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-643x1024.jpg 643w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-scaled-300x478.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-scaled-600x956.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-768x1224.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-964x1536.jpg 964w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-1285x2048.jpg 1285w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-farmer-Observations-p6-mod-scaled.jpg 1607w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Federal Farmer, Observations Leading to a Fair Examination of the System of Government Proposed by the Late Convention, 6 (1787)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"639\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18071\" data-id=\"18071\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-639x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-639x1024.jpg 639w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-scaled-300x481.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-scaled-600x962.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-768x1232.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-958x1536.jpg 958w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-1277x2048.jpg 1277w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p10-mod-scaled.jpg 1596w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Federal Farmer, Observations Leading to a Fair Examination of the System of Government Proposed by the Late Convention, 10 (1787)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18072\" data-id=\"18072\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-653x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-653x1024.jpg 653w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-scaled-300x470.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-scaled-600x941.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-768x1204.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-980x1536.jpg 980w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-1306x2048.jpg 1306w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-p11-mod-scaled.jpg 1633w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Federal Farmer, Observations Leading to a Fair Examination of the System of Government Proposed by the Late Convention, 11 (1787)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_82992\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-650x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13120\" style=\"width:282px;height:444px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-650x1024.jpg 650w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-scaled-300x473.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-scaled-600x945.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-768x1210.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-975x1536.jpg 975w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-1300x2048.jpg 1300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-scaled.jpg 1625w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_82992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Gazette of the United-States <\/em>(September 23, 1789)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the excerpt above, Federal Farmer warns of the dangers of a large republic. James Madison famously challenged these arguments in Federalist 10, arguing that only a large republic could limit the power of factions. The September 1789 article included here from New York\u2019s <em>Gazette of the United-States<\/em> suggests how, even after the Constitution\u2019s ratification, Americans continued to debate its merits and, specifically, to address the issue of the republic\u2019s size and regional differences. The article opens with the quote: \u201cThe diversity of interests in the United States, under a wise government, will prove the Cement of the Union.\u201d The <em>Gazette<\/em> also presents the first twelve proposed amendments to the Constitution. Ten of these amendments would be ratified by state legislatures over the coming years and would become known as the Bill of Rights. These amendments won over a number of Antifederalists who had previously opposed the Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What objections does the Federal Farmer make to the proposed Constitution? Why does the size of the republic\u2019s territory and population threaten to undermine its representative form of government?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the virtues of a large, diverse republic, according to the Gazette writer?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which rights are enumerated in the proposed amendments published here? Which two would not, ultimately, be ratified? Why do you think those two were not approved by enough state legislatures? How do the ten amendments known as the Bill of Rights serve to limit the power of the federal government?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider how these debates over the proposed Constitution were waged through newspaper and pamphlet publications. What is the role of the press in limiting the power of the federal government?\u2003<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Southern Secession<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"688\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-688x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-688x1024.jpg 688w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-300x447.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-600x893.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-768x1143.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation.jpg 806w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-8\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Brady, &#8220;The Seceding South Carolina Delegation&#8221; in <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly<\/em> (December 22, 1860)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most profound challenge to the authority of the federal government occurred when Southern states attempted to leave the Union and form an independent country, the Confederate States of America, in the 1860s. Regional tensions had been rising for decades over the question of whether slavery would extend into the new territories west of the Mississippi. Abraham Lincoln\u2019s election as president in the fall of 1860 prompted Southern secessionists to act. Lincoln insisted that he did not intend to interfere with the institution of slavery in the southeastern states where it already existed. However, he was firmly opposed to allowing slavery in the new territories and openly declared his personal belief that slavery was wrong. South Carolina led the movement and declared its secession on December 20, 1860. Six other states joined South Carolina before Lincoln\u2019s inauguration in March 1861. A total of 11 states would eventually attempt to secede.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_713347\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: <em>Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union<\/em> (1860)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"645\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13127\" data-id=\"13127\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-645x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-645x1024.jpg 645w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-scaled-300x476.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-scaled-600x952.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-768x1219.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-968x1536.jpg 968w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-1291x2048.jpg 1291w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-scaled.jpg 1613w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Declaration of Causes of Secession Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, title page (1860)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18077\" data-id=\"18077\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-652x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-scaled-300x471.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-scaled-600x942.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-978x1536.jpg 978w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-1304x2048.jpg 1304w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-p5-mod-scaled.jpg 1630w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Declaration of Causes of Secession Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, 5 (1860)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"827\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18078\" data-id=\"18078\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-pp8-9-mod-1024x827.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-pp8-9-mod-1024x827.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-pp8-9-mod-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-pp8-9-mod-scaled-600x485.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-pp8-9-mod-768x621.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-pp8-9-mod-1536x1241.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Declaration-immediate-causes-pp8-9-mod-2048x1655.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Declaration of Causes of Secession Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, 8-9 (1860)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The documents in this section include a portrait of the South Carolina Congressional delegation, an excerpt from a pamphlet explaining their decision to secede, and excerpts from Lincoln\u2019s first inaugural address in which he provided his first full public defense of federal authority in the face of the Southern secession.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_522403\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural, in <em>The Martyr&#8217;s Monument Being the Patriotism and Political Wisdom of Abraham Lincoln<\/em> (1865)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"670\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13122\" data-id=\"13122\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-670x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-670x1024.jpg 670w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-scaled-300x458.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-scaled-600x916.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-768x1173.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-1006x1536.jpg 1006w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-1341x2048.jpg 1341w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-scaled.jpg 1676w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Martyr&#8217;s Monument Being the Patriotism and Political Wisdom of Abraham Lincoln, title page (1865)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"845\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18076\" data-id=\"18076\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-pp40-41-mod-1024x845.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-pp40-41-mod-1024x845.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-pp40-41-mod-300x248.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-pp40-41-mod-scaled-600x495.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-pp40-41-mod-768x634.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-pp40-41-mod-1536x1267.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-pp40-41-mod-2048x1690.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Martyr&#8217;s Monument Being the Patriotism and Political Wisdom of Abraham Lincoln, 40-41 (1865)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"651\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18075\" data-id=\"18075\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-651x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-651x1024.jpg 651w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-scaled-300x472.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-scaled-600x944.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-768x1208.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-976x1536.jpg 976w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-1302x2048.jpg 1302w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-p43-mod-scaled.jpg 1627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Martyr&#8217;s Monument Being the Patriotism and Political Wisdom of Abraham Lincoln, 43 (1865)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"623\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18074\" data-id=\"18074\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-623x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-623x1024.jpg 623w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-scaled-300x493.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-scaled-600x985.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-768x1261.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-935x1536.jpg 935w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-1247x2048.jpg 1247w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lincoln-Martyrs-monument-p46-mod-scaled.jpg 1559w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">The Martyr&#8217;s Monument Being the Patriotism and Political Wisdom of Abraham Lincoln, 46 (1865)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the portraits of South Carolina\u2019s delegation on <em>Harper\u2019s<\/em> December 1860 cover. The accompanying article offers tribute to these \u201cGallant gentlemen, with high endowments, manly attributes, and \u2026 integrity\u201d and provides a brief biography of each. How does the magazine portray the South Carolinians? What does the <em>Harper\u2019s<\/em> coverage of secession suggest about New Yorkers\u2019 responses to the Southern states\u2019 actions?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What reasons do South Carolina\u2019s leaders give for secession? How do they link secession to the principles of the American Revolution and defend it as a Constitutional right? Are their arguments based on the rights of individual citizens, individual states, or both?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are South Carolina\u2019s leaders\u2019 arguments regarding slavery? How do they interpret the Constitution concerning the matter of slavery?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is Lincoln\u2019s critique of the secessionists\u2019 arguments? How does he interpret the Constitution regarding the question of the right to secede? Why does he associate secession with anarchy?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which arguments\u2014Lincoln\u2019s or the secessionists\u2019\u2014do you find more persuasive? Why? Which side more accurately interprets founding documents, such as the Declaration and the Constitution?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anti-Statism in the North<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Southern secessionists were not the only Americans to challenge the authority of the federal government during the Civil War. During the first two years of the war, each state had been responsible for recruiting soldiers for its regiments. In March 1863, after a series of losses on the battlefield, Lincoln concluded that the army needed more soldiers. He signed into effect the Union\u2019s first military draft, which required every male citizen between the ages of 20 and 45 to enroll. Men were expected to serve if called, or pay a commutation fee, or hire a substitute. Many poor and working-class men could not afford such payments and resented seeing the wealthy avoid service. These working-class whites also expressed fear of job competition from slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation issued earlier that year. Protests erupted in cities and towns throughout the North. The most violent occurred in New York City, where mobs, consisting largely of Irish immigrants, rioted for five days. They attacked the provost marshal\u2019s office, where the draft was taking place, then vented much of their rage on the city\u2019s African American community. Over the course of the week, the rioters lynched 11 black men, burned an orphanage for black children, looted and destroyed numerous black-owned businesses, and forced hundreds of African Americans out of the city. The New York\u2013based magazine, <em>Harper\u2019s Weekly<\/em>, provided extensive coverage of the draft riots, including the illustrations below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: &#8220;The Riots at New York&#8221; in Harper&#8217;s Weekly (August 1, 1863)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"676\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13121\" data-id=\"13121\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-676x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-676x1024.jpg 676w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-scaled-300x454.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-scaled-600x908.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-768x1163.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-1014x1536.jpg 1014w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-1352x2048.jpg 1352w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-scaled.jpg 1691w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">&#8220;The Riots at New York,&#8221; in Harper&#8217;s Weekly (August 1, 1863)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"671\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18073\" data-id=\"18073\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-671x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-671x1024.jpg 671w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-scaled-300x458.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-scaled-600x916.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-768x1172.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-1006x1536.jpg 1006w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-1342x2048.jpg 1342w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Harpers-NY-Riots2-scaled.jpg 1677w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">&#8220;The Riots at New York,&#8221; in Harper&#8217;s Weekly (August 1, 1863)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does <em>Harper\u2019s<\/em> portray the draft rioters and their actions in the summer of 1863? What do the images suggest about perceptions of Irish immigrants?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who do the rioters seem to have targeted? Why would they attack many people who have no connection to the draft or to the government?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the mob\u2019s actions challenge federal authority? How do their actions compare to the Southerners\u2019 efforts to leave the Union? What are the differences and the similarities in how each group expressed opposition to the State?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opposition to U.S. Involvement in World War II<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president in 1932. The nation was two years into the Great Depression, an extraordinary economic collapse during which Americans experienced 25 percent unemployment and widespread poverty, hunger, and homelessness. Roosevelt responded by immediately proposing a series of laws, known as the New Deal, which would dramatically increase the size and scope of the federal government. New Deal legislation sought to strengthen federal regulation of business, to stimulate the economy, to provide greater protections for workers, and to increase government assistance to people during hard times. However, the Depression was still going on at the end of the 1930s as Hitler invaded Poland and Europe entered the Second World War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/midwest-ms-bell-box-50-folder-2629\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: America First Committee, <em>Defend America First!<\/em> (1940)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"801\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13129\" data-id=\"13129\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-801x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-801x1024.jpg 801w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-scaled-600x767.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-768x982.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-1602x2048.jpg 1602w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-scaled.jpg 2002w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">America First Committee, Defend America First!, title page (1940)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"803\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18079\" data-id=\"18079\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-803x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-803x1024.jpg 803w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-scaled-300x382.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-scaled-600x765.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-768x979.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-1205x1536.jpg 1205w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-1606x2048.jpg 1606w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p1-scaled.jpg 2008w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">America First Committee, Defend America First!, 1 (1940)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18080\" data-id=\"18080\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-800x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-scaled-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-768x984.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-1199x1536.jpg 1199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-1599x2048.jpg 1599w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p2-scaled.jpg 1999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">America First Committee, Defend America First!, 2 (1940)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"794\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-18069\" data-id=\"18069\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-794x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-794x1024.jpg 794w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-scaled-300x387.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-scaled-600x774.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-233x300.jpg 233w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-768x990.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-1191x1536.jpg 1191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-1588x2048.jpg 1588w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Defend-America-First-p3-scaled.jpg 1985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">America First Committee, Defend America First!, 3 (1940)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The United States public had been strongly isolationist, or opposed to U.S. involvement in international conflicts, since World War I. The pamphlet and editorial cartoons included here offer powerful expressions of that opposition. The America First Committee was among the most prominent anti-war organizations. It drew support from politicians and others on both the left and the right, though its most visible spokesman was the aviator Charles Lindbergh, a longtime critic of the Roosevelt administration. The group disbanded after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The <em>Chicago Tribune<\/em> cartoonist John T. McCutcheon maintained his opposition throughout the war, as demonstrated by these illustrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-22-folder-646\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"929\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-929x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-929x1024.jpg 929w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-scaled-300x331.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-scaled-600x661.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-272x300.jpg 272w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-768x847.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-1393x1536.jpg 1393w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-1858x2048.jpg 1858w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 929px) 100vw, 929px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-22-folder-646\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John T. McCutcheon, &#8220;The First Lesson Uncle Sam Taught Us&#8221; (1943)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-23-folder-666\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-797x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-797x1024.jpg 797w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-scaled-300x385.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-scaled-600x771.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-768x986.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-1196x1536.jpg 1196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-1595x2048.jpg 1595w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-scaled.jpg 1993w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-23-folder-666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John T. McCutcheon, &#8220;The Changing World&#8221; (1945)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What are the America First Committee\u2019s arguments for staying out of the war? In what ways does the pamphlet implicitly or explicitly criticize the Roosevelt administration?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does this pamphlet appeal to patriotism? How does the pamphlet differentiate between loyalty to America and suspicion or criticism of the federal government under Roosevelt?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine the McCutcheon cartoons. What arguments do the cartoons present against U.S. involvement in the war? How does McCutcheon make use of founding principles to criticize Roosevelt\u2019s policies? Why do you think the <em>Tribune<\/em>\u2019s publisher, Robert R. McCormick, declined to publish the second cartoon, <em>The Changing World<\/em>?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the America First and McCutcheon criticisms of Roosevelt administration policy tap into the wider tradition of anti-statism? What connections do they draw between an overly powerful national government and an activist foreign policy?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supporting the War Effort<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-742x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13133\" style=\"width:325px;height:448px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-742x1024.jpg 742w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-scaled-300x414.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-scaled-600x828.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-768x1060.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-1113x1536.jpg 1113w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-1484x2048.jpg 1484w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-scaled.jpg 1854w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-3\" target=\"_blank\">Florida Citrus Commission, &#8220;These Are the Days!,&#8221; in <em>Life<\/em> (1944)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Britain came under assault by Germany, Roosevelt tried to engage the United States in the war and to work around isolationist sentiment by devising the Lend-Lease Act. This law authorized the president to sell, lend, lease, exchange, or transfer war materials to any country whose defense he deemed essential to U.S. interests. In January 1941, Roosevelt presented his most compelling argument for U.S. involvement in World War II in his \u201cFour Freedoms\u201d speech in which he insisted that American democracy depended upon the survival of democracies in Europe. These advertisements, which appeared in <em>Life<\/em> magazine in 1942 and 1944, present unofficial arguments in support of the war effort. They indicate the extent to which private corporations and individuals embraced\u2014or were expected to embrace\u2014the war effort following Pearl Harbor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"747\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-747x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13123\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-747x1024.jpg 747w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-scaled-300x411.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-scaled-600x822.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-219x300.jpg 219w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-768x1052.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-1121x1536.jpg 1121w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-1495x2048.jpg 1495w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-scaled.jpg 1868w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 747px) 100vw, 747px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\">U.S. Government Recruiting Service, &#8220;Keep &#8216;Em Flying!&#8221; in <em>Life <\/em>(1942)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"704\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-704x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13131\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-704x1024.jpg 704w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-scaled-300x437.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-scaled-600x873.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-768x1118.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-1055x1536.jpg 1055w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-1407x2048.jpg 1407w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-scaled.jpg 1759w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Smith-Corona, &#8220;Help Win the War?&#8230;ME?&#8221; in <em>Life <\/em>(1942)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do the <em>Life<\/em> advertisements urge all Americans to join the war effort? Why do the ads go to such lengths to appeal to people beyond those eligible to serve directly in the military?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What differences and similarities do you notice between the U.S. Army recruitment ad and the ads of private organizations, such as the Florida Citrus Commission and Smith-Corona Typewriters?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <em>Defend America First!<\/em> pamphlet warns readers to beware of government- and media-generated emotional manipulation. Are these advertisements examples of the kind of propaganda against which the pamphlet cautions? Do the historical circumstances warrant this kind of media campaign?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did you see comparable media campaigns during the recent American wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? Why or why not? What do the differences or similarities suggest about the current American public\u2019s relationship to these wars and to the national government?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Early Discussions about Central Authority <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_84868-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"769\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-769x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text from newspaper. &quot;The Liberty Song&quot; is in the left hand column. \" class=\"wp-image-13125\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-769x1024.jpg 769w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-scaled-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-scaled-600x799.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-768x1023.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-1153x1536.jpg 1153w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-1537x2048.jpg 1537w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Liberty-Song-scaled.jpg 1922w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_84868-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_84868-2\" target=\"_blank\">John Dickinson, <em>The Liberty Song<\/em> (1768), a protest against British taxation. <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_508249\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-654x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page of &quot;Observations&quot;. \" class=\"wp-image-13126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-654x1024.jpg 654w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-scaled-300x469.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-scaled-600x939.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-768x1202.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-982x1536.jpg 982w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-1309x2048.jpg 1309w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Federal-Farmer-Observations-_title-scaled.jpg 1636w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_508249\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_508249\" target=\"_blank\">The Federal Farmer warns of the dangers of a large republic in <em>Observations <\/em>(1787).<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_82992\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-650x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text from Gazette of the United States newspaper. \" class=\"wp-image-13120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-650x1024.jpg 650w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-scaled-300x473.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-scaled-600x945.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-768x1210.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-975x1536.jpg 975w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-1300x2048.jpg 1300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Gazette-United-States-1789-scaled.jpg 1625w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_82992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Gazette of the United-States<\/em> (September 23, 1789) presents the first twelve amendments to the Constitution.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Civil War Period<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"688\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-688x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Front page of Harper's Weekly. Images of the eight men involved in the seceding South Carolina Delegation. \" class=\"wp-image-13128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-688x1024.jpg 688w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-300x447.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-600x893.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation-768x1143.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Seceding-South-Carolina-Delegation.jpg 806w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-8\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-8\" target=\"_blank\">Depictions of South Carolina&#8217;s Congressional delegation in <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly<\/em> (Dec. 22, 1860). <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_713347\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"645\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-645x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page with border from the &quot;Declaration of Causes of Secession Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union&quot;. \" class=\"wp-image-13127\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-645x1024.jpg 645w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-scaled-300x476.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-scaled-600x952.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-768x1219.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-968x1536.jpg 968w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-1291x2048.jpg 1291w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Declaration-immediate-causes-title-scaled.jpg 1613w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_713347\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_713347\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Declaration of Causes of Secession Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union<\/em> (1860)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_522403\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"670\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-670x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page from President Lincoln's first inaugural address. \" class=\"wp-image-13122\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-670x1024.jpg 670w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-scaled-300x458.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-scaled-600x916.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-768x1173.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-1006x1536.jpg 1006w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-1341x2048.jpg 1341w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title-scaled.jpg 1676w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_522403\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title.jpg\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_522403\/Lincoln-Martys-monument-title.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection from Lincoln&#8217;s first inaugural address (1861), which included a defense of federal authority. <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"676\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-676x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page from Harper's Weekly (August 1, 1863) featuring five black-and-white engravings depicting violent scenes from the New York City Draft Riots. The illustrations show: the burned ruins of the Provost-Marshal\u2019s office; a battle between rioters and military forces in the street; police charging rioters outside the New York Tribune office; rioters looting a drug store on Second Avenue; and a racially motivated lynching, with a mob hanging a Black man on Clarkson Street. \" class=\"wp-image-13121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-676x1024.jpg 676w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-scaled-300x454.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-scaled-600x908.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-768x1163.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-1014x1536.jpg 1014w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-1352x2048.jpg 1352w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Harpers-NY-Riots1-scaled.jpg 1691w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-7\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_427774-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Depictions of the New York City draft riots in <em>Harper&#8217;s Weekly<\/em> (1863).<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opposition to US Involvement in World War II<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/midwest-ms-bell-box-50-folder-2629\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"801\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-801x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white poster from the America First Committee reading: \u201cA VITAL MESSAGE TO ALL LOYAL AMERICANS \u2014 DEFEND AMERICA FIRST!\u201d surrounded by small stars. At the bottom, it lists the organization's name and headquarters: \u201cAmerica First Committee, Headquarters: 1806 Board of Trade Building, Chicago, Illinois.\u201d \" class=\"wp-image-13129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-801x1024.jpg 801w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-scaled-600x767.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-768x982.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-1602x2048.jpg 1602w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Defend-America-First-Cover-scaled.jpg 2002w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/midwest-ms-bell-box-50-folder-2629\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/midwest-ms-bell-box-50-folder-2629\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The America First Committee&#8217;s <em>Defend America First! <\/em>(1940)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-22-folder-646\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"929\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-929x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Political cartoon showing Uncle Sam standing at a blackboard labeled \u201cLesson No. 1.\u201d The chalkboard reads: \u201cAn American\u2019s first obligation is to America. If not America first \u2014 what??\u201d Uncle Sam points to the board with a piece of chalk. Behind him, a hand enters the frame holding a note that reads, \u201cDo not forget your obligation to Lend-Lease and the world!\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-13132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-929x1024.jpg 929w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-scaled-300x331.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-scaled-600x661.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-272x300.jpg 272w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-768x847.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-1393x1536.jpg 1393w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-First-Lesson-1858x2048.jpg 1858w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 929px) 100vw, 929px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-22-folder-646\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John T. McCutcheon, cartoon promoting America first ideas (1943).<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-23-folder-666\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-797x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Cartoon lamenting US involvement in Europe. Top image of Uncle Sam (with a piece of paper on his back stating &quot;The US 85% anti-war&quot;) saluting a portrait of George Washington titled &quot;George Washington's Legacy to the American people 'Beware of European entanglements&quot;. To the right there is a portrait of FDR titled &quot;European Entanglements 'The Road to War' Oct. 1937-1940-1941-1942-1943-1944-1945&quot;. Bottom cartoon consists of two men energetically speaking. Man seated is John Bull smoking a pipe and carrying a top hat. The other man is Winston Churchill standing behind a desk that's named &quot;House of Commons&quot;. The cartoon is titled &quot;Churchill's assurances to Britain 'that the United States has entered deeply and constructively into the life and salvation of Europe'. \" class=\"wp-image-13124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-797x1024.jpg 797w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-scaled-300x385.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-scaled-600x771.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-768x986.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-1196x1536.jpg 1196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-1595x2048.jpg 1595w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-scaled.jpg 1993w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-23-folder-666\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mms-mccutcheon-box-23-folder-666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John T. McCutcheon cartoon lamenting US involvement in Europe (1945).<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Promoting Involvement in World War II in <em>Life <\/em>Magazine<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-742x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-742x1024.jpg 742w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-scaled-300x414.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-scaled-600x828.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-768x1060.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-1113x1536.jpg 1113w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-1484x2048.jpg 1484w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Grapefruit-juice-victory-scaled.jpg 1854w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pro-war Florida Citrus Commission advertisement for grapefruit juice (1944).<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"747\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-747x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13123\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-747x1024.jpg 747w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-scaled-300x411.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-scaled-600x822.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-219x300.jpg 219w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-768x1052.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-1121x1536.jpg 1121w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-1495x2048.jpg 1495w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/US-Army-Keep-em-flying-scaled.jpg 1868w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 747px) 100vw, 747px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Government Recruiting Service advertisement to join the Air Forc<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">e<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344\" target=\"_blank\"> (1942)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"704\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-704x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13131\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-704x1024.jpg 704w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-scaled-300x437.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-scaled-600x873.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-768x1118.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-1055x1536.jpg 1055w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-1407x2048.jpg 1407w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Smith-Corona-Help-win-war-scaled.jpg 1759w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_509344-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Smith-Corona advertisement encouraging girls to learn to type to aid the war effort (1942).<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saul Cornell. <em>The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788\u20131828<\/em>. 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Richard Colles Johnson and Cynthia H. Peters, compilers. <em>A Princely Gift: The Rudy Lamont Ruggles Collection of the Newberry Library<\/em>. 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jill Lepore. \u201cTea and Sympathy: Who Owns the American Revolution?\u201d <em>New Yorker<\/em> May 3, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">James T. Sparrow. <em>Warfare State: World War II Americans and the Age of Big Government<\/em>. 2011.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What reasons do writers and politicians give for protesting the authority of the federal government? Why do they perceive the State as a threat? How has anti-statist thought changed over time?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14583,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[103,83,84,164],"tags":[174,165],"class_list":["post-14444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-18th-century","category-19th-century","category-20th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-politics-government","tag-us-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/McCutcheon-Changing-World-scaled-1-e1600709833999.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14444"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14444\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24096,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14444\/revisions\/24096"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}