{"id":14446,"date":"2017-01-24T15:59:42","date_gmt":"2017-01-24T15:59:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14446"},"modified":"2026-05-01T15:10:05","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T15:10:05","slug":"american-indians-in-an-age-of-empire-and-revolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14446","title":{"rendered":"Native Nations in an Age of Empire and Revolution, 1750-1783"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14-796x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17732\" style=\"width:325px;height:418px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">William Smith,<em> An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians<\/em>, plate 14 &#8220;The Indians giving a Talk to Colonel Bouquet in a Conference at a Council Fire, near this Camp on the Banks of the Muskingum in North America, in Oct. 1764&#8221; (1769).<\/a> Full excerpt below.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All North America was Indian country prior to European settlement in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The conventional narrative holds that Indigenous peoples were overwhelmed by a wave of European conquest over the subsequent centuries. While the history of Native peoples in North America was marked by tragedy, the full story is much more complicated. In his book <em>Facing East from Indian Country<\/em>, historian Daniel Richter encourages us to take on an Indigenous perspective and insists that, from their vantage point, early American history is better understood. He asks that we consider the \u201cstories of North America during the period of European colonization rather than of the European colonization of North America.\u201d Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Indigenous groups encountered Europeans and the diseases, environmental changes, and economic disruptions that followed their arrival. Nevertheless, they creatively adapted to such circumstances and continued to influence the course of history in the process. This digital collection seeks to view events from their perspective and considers the ways in which Native nations experienced and shaped history in the late 1700s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The late eighteenth century was marked by imperial competition, as European powers vied for control of land and resources around the globe. The period has also been characterized by historians as the Age of Revolution, which witnessed the spread of democratic ideas and new political institutions in both America and Europe. Until recently, Indigenous peoples have been left largely out of the story. Students of history should avoid thinking of Indigenous peoples as merely passive victims of European wars. They were, in fact, active participants in a tumultuous period featuring both external and internal tensions. They created a space for themselves amid competition between European empires. Alliances shifted throughout and decisions made by Indigenous actors profoundly shaped events, sometimes with global ramifications. Tracing changes over time from the perspective of American Indians will aid us immensely in understanding this complicated process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fortunately, the Newberry Library has rich holdings related to Native history during the late eighteenth century. This digital collection places Native nations and leaders at the center of the action and demonstrates the important roles they played. From the Seven Years\u2019 War through the American Revolution, they both resisted and adapted to the presence of whites in North America while also navigating internal tribal relationships and histories that predated contact with Europeans. The sources in this collection reflect this complex process as it unfolded from roughly 1750-1783. Maps reflect the shifting borders and contested territories of the time, records of important conferences between Native peoples and others demonstrate the delicate balance of power and changing alliances, and finally letters from the period exhibit the efforts to communicate even amidst the chaos of imperial warfare and revolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Please consider the following questions as you review the documents:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What challenges did Native nations face in their interactions with Europeans and European colonists? How did imperial politics and economics shape this relationship? What were the primary goals of the various groups involved?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What strategies did Indigenous leaders employ in dealing with these challenges? How did Indigenous and European approaches differ? How were they similar? How was the language of kinship used by both groups?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What can we learn about Indigenous cultures by examining their interactions with Europeans during the late eighteenth century? How were the cultures and practices of various groups shaped by these interactions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Middle Ground<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the eighteenth century, England had established successful colonies in North America on the Atlantic coast and sought to expand further inland. The French had also established a presence in the region but generally sought to profit from trade with Native nations rather than through the extensive acquisition of land. France was particularly active in the Great Lakes region and, as the English continued to spread west, the two imperial rivals increasingly clashed. In his classic study <em>The Middle Ground<\/em> (1991), historian Richard White argued that in the first half of the eighteenth century a \u201cmiddle ground\u201d emerged that was marked by mutual accommodation between Native groups and Europeans in the Great Lakes region. A delicate balance of power developed as Algonquian-speaking peoples negotiated space between competing European powers, often effectively playing one off the other. During this period, Algonquian nations established a relationship with the French that positioned the French governor as a \u201cfather\u201d who was responsible for mediating conflicts, dispensing gifts, and offering protection. Both groups offered a degree of cultural accommodation that contributed to stability for a time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_895030\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"796\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-1024x796.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13725\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-1024x796.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-600x467.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-768x597.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-1536x1194.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-2048x1593.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_895030\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Donald D. Bouma, <em>Carte: partie occidenatale de la Nouvelle France ou Canada &#8230; <\/em>(1951)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The middle ground began to break down as the British expanded their footprint in the region. By the mid-eighteenth century, English land speculators had set up forts in the Ohio Valley and the territory became hotly contested. Native nations in the region, including the Lenape (Delaware), Shawnee, Wyandot, and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois), aided the French in expelling the English but also helped to spark what Winston Churchill called the \u201cfirst world war.\u201d The Seven Years\u2019 War involved every European power, numerous Native nations, and saw conflict as far afield as India and the Philippines. At its conclusion, the British reigned supreme and aggressively asserted influence in North America. British hegemony was severely challenged by the American Revolution, which also spelled doom for the middle ground model of interaction. Americans were quick to fill the power vacuum and violent clashes between white settlers and Indigenous people set the tone for relations in the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does this map reveal about Indigenous and French settlement patterns in the Great Lakes region?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What benefits did control of the region offer to Indigenous, French, and British groups?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Native Nations in an Imperial World<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The French established several forts in the 1750s as a buffer against perceived British expansion in the Ohio Valley and to influence their Indigenous allies in the region. One of these was Fort Duquesne near present day Pittsburgh. In 1754, a Seneca chief named Tanacharison (Half King) sent word of the development to British allies in Virginia, who subsequently sent a band of militiamen commanded by a young George Washington to drive the French out. Assisting the Virginia soldiers was a delegation of Seneca warriors. A skirmish broke out near Fort Duquesne and a detachment of French diplomats was killed by the Senecas. Fearing retaliation from the French, Washington built a fortification nearby called Fort Necessity. There he lost most of his men in battle and was forced to surrender, signing a statement admitting that he had assassinated a French diplomat. The British responded by sending 3,000 troops to the colonies under General Edward Braddock. A combination of French, Native, and Canadian troops employed guerilla war tactics and defeated Braddock in one of the earliest battles in a conflict that would be fought on multiple continents. Washington, then Braddock\u2019s aide, narrowly escaped death on the battlefield.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_672421\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Ireael Pemberton, <em>Several conferences between some of the principal people amongst the Quakers in Pennsylvania, and the Deputies from the Six Indian Nations<\/em> (1756).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"661\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13726\" data-id=\"13726\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-661x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-661x1024.jpg 661w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-scaled-300x465.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-scaled-600x929.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-768x1189.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-992x1536.jpg 992w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-1323x2048.jpg 1323w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-scaled.jpg 1653w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 661px) 100vw, 661px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Israel Pemberton, Several conferences between some of the principal people amongst the Quakers in Pennsylvania, title page (1756)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"631\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17738\" data-id=\"17738\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-631x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-631x1024.jpg 631w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-scaled-300x487.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-scaled-600x973.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-185x300.jpg 185w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-768x1246.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-947x1536.jpg 947w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-1262x2048.jpg 1262w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_034-scaled.jpg 1578w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Israel Pemberton, Several conferences between some of the principal people amongst the Quakers in Pennsylvania, 23 (1756)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From the start, Native nations played important roles in the conflict. The war had many names. The British call it the Seven Years\u2019 War, those in the United States usually refer to the French and Indian War, and French Canadians call it <em>La Guerre de la Conqu\u00eate<\/em> (The War of Conquest). Native nations that allied with the French similarly characterized the war as one of British aggression. Among these were the Lenape who, despite previous ties to the British, hoped to prevent further British encroachment into their territory along the Delaware River. The governor of Pennsylvania declared war in 1756, calling the Delaware \u201cRebels and Traitors to His most Sacred Majesty.\u201d Native nations allied with the British, including the powerful Haudenosaunee Confederacy, hoped to benefit economically from British control of the Ohio Valley and the opening of trade routes that had been cut-off by rivals in the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1758, the Lenape, led by Tamaqua and Teedyuscung, made peace with the British. At the peace conference, Teedyuscung addressed the governor, arguing that if enough land had been set aside for his people to begin with, no conflict would have occurred. He insisted that Indigenous poeple needed \u201ca certain Country fixed for our own Use, and the Use of our Children for ever.\u201d In addition, leaders of the Ottawa, Ojibwa, Kaskaskia, Myaamia, Potawatomi, Shawnee, and Wyandot assembled and declared a truce at Fort Pitt. The decision by Native leaders to make peace with the British was a blow to the French effort. After a series of early French victories, the British rallied and eventually, with the aid of Indigenous allies, gained possession of parts of Canada and forced the French to surrender in 1763. Terms of the peace treaty were negotiated in Paris with no Native nations represented, despite their crucial roles in the war. As a condition of the peace, Britain requested that all the captives held by hostile Native nations be released. Some Europeans refused to return and chose to remain with their adopted tribes, creating controversy and stirring up tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_599526\/\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: B. Franklin and D. Hall, Printers, <em>Minutes of conferences, held with the Indians at Easton, in the Months of July, and August, 1757 <\/em>(1757).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"655\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13727\" data-id=\"13727\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-655x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-655x1024.jpg 655w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-scaled-300x469.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-scaled-600x938.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-768x1201.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-982x1536.jpg 982w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-1310x2048.jpg 1310w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-scaled.jpg 1637w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">B. Franklin and D. Hall, Minutes of conferences, held with the Indians at Easton, title page (1757)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"651\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17737\" data-id=\"17737\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-651x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-651x1024.jpg 651w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-scaled-300x472.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-scaled-600x944.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-768x1208.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-976x1536.jpg 976w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-1302x2048.jpg 1302w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_020-scaled.jpg 1627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">B. Franklin and D. Hall, Minutes of conferences, held with the Indians at Easton, 8 (1757)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"646\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17736\" data-id=\"17736\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-646x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-646x1024.jpg 646w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-scaled-300x476.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-scaled-600x952.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-768x1218.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-968x1536.jpg 968w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-1291x2048.jpg 1291w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_021-scaled.jpg 1614w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">B. Franklin and D. Hall, Minutes of conferences, held with the Indians at Easton, 9 (1757)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"656\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17735\" data-id=\"17735\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-656x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-656x1024.jpg 656w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-scaled-300x468.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-scaled-600x936.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-768x1198.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-984x1536.jpg 984w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-1313x2048.jpg 1313w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_022-scaled.jpg 1641w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">B. Franklin and D. Hall, Minutes of conferences, held with the Indians at Easton, 10 (1757)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-d7acb191-8843-4732-b70b-e25449f0f5b1\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MinutesConference_Delaware_Download2.pdf\">Download a transcript of the minutes of the Easton conferences here.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MinutesConference_Delaware_Download2.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-d7acb191-8843-4732-b70b-e25449f0f5b1\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">British victory in the war contributed to a wave of new British settlement in the Ohio Valley and broader Great Lakes region. British forts did not offer security for Native people. In fact, they were outwardly hostile toward the Indigenous presence. For example, Field Marshall Jeffrey Amherst, head of the British army, made clear that the British would pursue a very different policy than the French. Under Amherst, the British discontinued most efforts to accommodate Native peoples, denying them traditional gifts and advocating tactics of intimidation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What do these documents suggest about alliances between Native nations and the British during this period?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do the speeches at these conferences reveal about Indigenous and British strategies of negotiation? Describe the language that each respective group uses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pontiac\u2019s War<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_146708\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_183_m2_1772_ms_map_05-1024x898.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13754\" style=\"width:364px;height:319px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_146708\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Robert Stobo, Fort Du Quesne (1754).<\/a> French fort built on the later site of Fort Pitt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At a conference held in 1762, Kinderuntie, a Seneca warrior, rose to speak and chastised the British for not leaving Native lands after they had driven out the French. He was especially concerned that Fort Pitt remained heavily armed. He was not alone in fearing British encroachment. In 1762 Neolin, a Lenape Indian religious leader, reported receiving a message from the Master of Life calling for whites to be driven from Native land, which was made for them alone. Neolin\u2019s theology emphasized a return to traditional lifeways and the rejection of European culture. His vision helped to mobilize a multi-nation confederation to challenge British expansion in the region. Among his followers was Pontiac, an influential Ottawa chief. Pontiac helped to forge an alliance between the Ottawa, Delaware, Ojibwa, Potawatomi and Shawnee nations to fulfill Neolin\u2019s prophesy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pontiac and others sensed that fierce resistance was needed in the face of encroachments by colonial settlers and British territorial expansion. As a result, Tehy seized British forts throughout the Ohio Valley, and violent conflict broke out between various Native nations and whites. Lieutenant Colonel William Browning reported that \u201cat least 1000 Indians\u201d raided the fort at Detroit. This was not an isolated incident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_599533\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: B. Franklin and D. Hall, Printers, <em>Minutes of conferences, held at Lancaster, in August, 1762 with the Sachems and Warriors of several Tribes of Northern and Western Indians<\/em> (1763).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"649\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13728\" data-id=\"13728\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-649x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-649x1024.jpg 649w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-scaled-300x473.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-scaled-600x946.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-768x1211.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-974x1536.jpg 974w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-1299x2048.jpg 1299w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-scaled.jpg 1623w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">B. Franklin and D. Hall, Minutes of conferences, held at Lancaster, in August, title page (1762)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"649\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17734\" data-id=\"17734\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-649x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-649x1024.jpg 649w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-scaled-300x473.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-scaled-600x946.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-768x1211.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-974x1536.jpg 974w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-1298x2048.jpg 1298w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_037-scaled.jpg 1623w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">B. Franklin and D. Hall, Minutes of conferences, held at Lancaster, in August, 31 (1762)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-f8097c91-4756-48b1-8d3e-778105bea67f\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MinutesConferece_SixNations_Download.pdf\">Download a transcription of the minutes of the Lancaster conference here.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MinutesConferece_SixNations_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-f8097c91-4756-48b1-8d3e-778105bea67f\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">The uprising spread far and wide, provoking a diverse set of responses from the British. In an effort that remains infamous to this day, Field Marshall Jeffery Amherst wrote to Colonel Henry Bouquet approving his plan to distribute blankets infected with smallpox to Native communities and suggesting that they should also \u201ctry Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race.\u201d [Amherst to Bouquet, July 16, 1763]. In <em>From the Heart: Voices of the American Indian<\/em>, Lee Miller remarks that the \u201cBritish can congratulate themselves, for they will go down in infamy as the first \u2018civilized\u2019 nation to use germ warfare.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: William Smith, <em>An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians, in the year MDCCLXIV, under the command of Henry Bouquet <\/em>(1769).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"804\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13730\" data-id=\"13730\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-804x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-804x1024.jpg 804w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-300x382.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-600x764.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-236x300.jpg 236w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-768x978.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-1206x1536.jpg 1206w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp.jpg 1570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Smith, An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians, title page (1769)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17732\" data-id=\"17732\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14-796x1024.jpg\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Smith, An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians, plate 14 &#8220;The Indians giving a Talk to Colonel Bouquet in a Conference at a Council Fire, near this Camp on the Banks of the Muskingum in North America, in Oct. 1764&#8221; (1769)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"953\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17731\" data-id=\"17731\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-953x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-953x1024.jpg 953w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-300x322.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-600x645.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-279x300.jpg 279w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-768x825.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-1429x1536.jpg 1429w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15.jpg 1861w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 953px) 100vw, 953px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Smith, An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians, fold-out map between pages 14-15 (1769)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a very different approach aimed at reducing tensions, a royal proclamation issued by King George III in 1763 forbade most British settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclamation Line would separate whites from Native people in theory, but enforcement was lax. Indigenous people had reason to distrust that the line would be maintained for long. The British refused a peace offering from Pontiac in 1764 and the conflict continued through 1766. During Pontiac\u2019s War, as it was often called, Native communities were ravaged by smallpox and suffered a series of decisive defeats after a string of early victories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_135827\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: William Browning to William Johnson [i.e. Johnson] (April 30, 1764)<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_135827\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">.<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13729\" data-id=\"13729\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-648x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-648x1024.jpg 648w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-scaled-300x474.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-scaled-600x949.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-768x1214.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-972x1536.jpg 972w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-1296x2048.jpg 1296w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-scaled.jpg 1619w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Browning to Sir William Johnston (April 30, 1764)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"646\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17733\" data-id=\"17733\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-646x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-646x1024.jpg 646w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-scaled-300x476.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-scaled-600x951.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-189x300.jpg 189w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-768x1217.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-969x1536.jpg 969w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-1292x2048.jpg 1292w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_116_00002-scaled.jpg 1615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Browning to Sir William Johnston, reverse (April 30, 1764)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-e486a406-472b-47ef-a2fc-8af5b71e7926\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BrowningToJohnson_Download.pdf\">Download a transcription of William Browning&#8217;s letter here. <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BrowningToJohnson_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-e486a406-472b-47ef-a2fc-8af5b71e7926\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Racial lines hardened during the 1760s. Both Indigenous and European people increasingly referred to divisions between \u201cred\u201d and \u201cwhite\u201d peoples. Neolin, Pontiac, and others reflected this shift, fearing that unless Indigenous people united to challenge European conquest they would not long survive. The Paxton Boys, a group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen from Pennsylvania, fulfilled their worst fears. The armed band attacked a group of Susquehannock, murdering over twenty people, after it was rumored that they were supporters of Pontiac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does Kinderuntie\u2019s statement in <em>Minutes of conferences, held at Lancaster\u2026<\/em> reveal about the historical relationship between the Seneca and the British?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does William Browning describe the uprising in Detroit in his letter, <em>Letter to Sir William Johnson<\/em>? What motivations does he ascribe to the Indigenous fighters who were involved in raiding the fort?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did Jeffrey Amherst\u2019s approach toward Native nations differ from that of the French governors in the region?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The American Revolution in Indian Country<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Victory in the French and Indian War contributed to an outpouring of patriotic support for the British empire among colonists in America. Such goodwill was short-lived for some, however, as London began to tax the colonies to help reduce the war debt. The Proclamation Line of 1763 was also greeted negatively by colonists, and many feared the standing army that would be required to adequately enforce it. The following decade was marked by resistance to British attempts to tax and control the colonies, which culminated in violent revolution against the mother country. The Declaration of Independence of 1776 included grievances against the king for preventing the settlement of western lands and for having \u201cendeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given the pivotal roles that Native Nations played in the events immediately preceding the Revolutionary period, it should come as no surprise that they continued to influence events leading up to the break with Britain. Despite the incendiary words in the Declaration, some Native people supported Independence. Crispus Attucks, famously one of the first to fall in the Boston Massacre, was of African and Wampanoag decent. Most often, though, the Revolution divided Native nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_352412\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"735\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-735x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13755\" style=\"width:229px;height:319px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-735x1024.jpg 735w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-300x418.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-600x836.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-768x1070.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-1103x1536.jpg 1103w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309.jpg 1436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_352412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edward Eggleston, <em>Portrait of Joseph Brant<\/em> (1879)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The powerful Haudenosaunee Confederacy was recruited by both sides. At the 1777 Haudenosaunee council, the Mohawk chief Thayendanegea, also known as Joseph Brant, strongly advocated for going to war against the colonists. Joseph\u2019s older sister Molly Brant, who had served as a consort for the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, was also a strong proponent of supporting the British. Their Seneca rival, Red Jacket, encouraged neutrality and viewed the conflict as a white man\u2019s war. Nevertheless, four of the six nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy aligned with the British. Some influential leaders split with their nations and supported the rebels, such as the Oneida chief Skenandoa and the Mohawk leader Akiatonhar\u00f3nkwen, also known as Joseph Louis Cook. Other nations, such as the Cherokee, were similarly divided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_132054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: &#8220;I Do Promise to Bear Faith and True Allegiance to His Majesty King George the Third&#8230;&#8221; (1778)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13550\" data-id=\"13550\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p1-641x1024.jpg\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">[Micmac oath], 1 (1778)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"641\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17730\" data-id=\"17730\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-641x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-641x1024.jpg 641w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-scaled-300x479.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-scaled-600x959.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-768x1227.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-961x1536.jpg 961w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-1282x2048.jpg 1282w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p2-scaled.jpg 1602w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">[Micmac oath], 2  (1778)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"643\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17729\" data-id=\"17729\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-643x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-643x1024.jpg 643w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-scaled-300x478.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-scaled-600x956.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-768x1224.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-964x1536.jpg 964w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-1285x2048.jpg 1285w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p3-scaled.jpg 1607w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">[Micmac oath], 3 (1778)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-c6b4ba81-0efd-4230-b5c6-9090003df531\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MicmacOath_Download.pdf\">Download a transcription of the oath here.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MicmacOath_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-c6b4ba81-0efd-4230-b5c6-9090003df531\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">The daily lives of Indigenous peoples were deeply impacted by the Revolutionary War. Tradelines were cut off, communities were torn apart, and villages often incurred damage from rampaging soldiers on both sides. The Lenape, for example, even after signing a treaty with the Americans in 1778, had two villages sacked by hundreds of rebel soldiers in 1781. A year later, British troops captured a group of Lenape accused of aiding the Americans and held them at a prisoner of war camp in Ohio. As historian Colin Calloway observes in <em>The American Revolution in Indian Country<\/em>, for many Indigenous people \u201cit seemed the American Revolution was truly a no-win situation.\u201d Even those nations that supported the American rebels gained little as a result. In the aftermath of the war, the balance of power shifted dramatically, leaving Native nations in a new geopolitical climate where they could no longer effectively play one imperial power off of another. Indigenous peoples developed new strategies as the United States of America solidified its status as a new nation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_137755\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr., one of the beloved men of South Carolina: to the beloved men, head men &amp; warriors of the Cherokee Nation at the Congarees (September 25, 1775).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13731\" data-id=\"13731\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-638x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-638x1024.jpg 638w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-scaled-300x482.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-scaled-600x964.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-768x1233.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-956x1536.jpg 956w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-1275x2048.jpg 1275w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-scaled.jpg 1594w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 1 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"641\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17750\" data-id=\"17750\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-641x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-641x1024.jpg 641w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-scaled-300x479.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-scaled-600x958.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-768x1227.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-962x1536.jpg 962w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-1282x2048.jpg 1282w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00002-scaled.jpg 1603w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 2 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"641\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17751\" data-id=\"17751\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-641x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-641x1024.jpg 641w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-scaled-300x479.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-scaled-600x958.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-768x1227.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-962x1536.jpg 962w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-1282x2048.jpg 1282w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00003-scaled.jpg 1603w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 3 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"639\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17744\" data-id=\"17744\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-639x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-639x1024.jpg 639w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-scaled-300x480.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-scaled-600x961.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-768x1230.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-959x1536.jpg 959w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-1279x2048.jpg 1279w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00004-scaled.jpg 1599w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 4 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"639\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17745\" data-id=\"17745\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-639x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-639x1024.jpg 639w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-scaled-300x480.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-scaled-600x961.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-768x1230.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-959x1536.jpg 959w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-1279x2048.jpg 1279w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00005-scaled.jpg 1599w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 5 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17746\" data-id=\"17746\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-638x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-638x1024.jpg 638w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-scaled-300x482.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-scaled-600x963.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-768x1232.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-957x1536.jpg 957w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-1276x2048.jpg 1276w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00006-scaled.jpg 1595w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 6 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17747\" data-id=\"17747\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-638x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-638x1024.jpg 638w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-scaled-300x482.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-scaled-600x964.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-768x1233.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-956x1536.jpg 956w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-1275x2048.jpg 1275w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00007-scaled.jpg 1594w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 7 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17748\" data-id=\"17748\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-638x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-638x1024.jpg 638w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-scaled-300x482.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-scaled-600x964.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-768x1233.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-956x1536.jpg 956w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-1275x2048.jpg 1275w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00008-scaled.jpg 1594w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 8 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"632\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17749\" data-id=\"17749\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-632x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-632x1024.jpg 632w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-scaled-300x486.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-scaled-600x972.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-185x300.jpg 185w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-768x1243.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-949x1536.jpg 949w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-1265x2048.jpg 1265w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Ayer_MS_255_00009-scaled.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 9 (September 25, 1775)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-91d8f355-1467-4306-a53d-0d9f8f64f599\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DraytonToCherokeeNation_Download.pdf\">Download a transcription of Drayton&#8217;s speech here.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DraytonToCherokeeNation_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-91d8f355-1467-4306-a53d-0d9f8f64f599\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What arguments does William Drayton employ to convince to the Cherokee to join the cause?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Indigenous perspectives in the late 1700s: texts<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This digital collection seeks to view the political and social events of late 1700s America from the perspective of indigenous peoples. Below you can find several documents which are useful in examining this viewpoint and considering the ways in which Native leaders experienced and shaped history in the late 1700s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_672421\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"661\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-661x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text from a Quaker conference. The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) are a Protestant Christian denomination founded in mid-seventeenth-century England, known for their piety and pacifism.\" class=\"wp-image-13726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-661x1024.jpg 661w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-scaled-300x465.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-scaled-600x929.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-768x1189.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-992x1536.jpg 992w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-1323x2048.jpg 1323w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010-scaled.jpg 1653w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 661px) 100vw, 661px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_672421\/ayer_150_5_p4_s4_1756_010.jpg\">Israel Pemberton, <em>Several Conferences Between Some of the Principal People Amongst the Quakers in Pennsylvani<\/em>a (1756)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_599526\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"655\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-655x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page. \" class=\"wp-image-13727\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-655x1024.jpg 655w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-scaled-300x469.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-scaled-600x938.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-768x1201.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-982x1536.jpg 982w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-1310x2048.jpg 1310w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013-scaled.jpg 1637w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_599526\/ayer_154_p4_a18_1757a_013.jpg\">B. Franklin and D. Hall, <em>Minutes of Conferences, Held with the Indians at Easton<\/em> (1757)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_599533\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"649\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-649x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text- title page. \" class=\"wp-image-13728\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-649x1024.jpg 649w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-scaled-300x473.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-scaled-600x946.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-768x1211.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-974x1536.jpg 974w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-1299x2048.jpg 1299w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007-scaled.jpg 1623w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_599533\/ayer_154_p4_p4_1762a_007.jpg\">B. Franklin and D. Hall, <em>Minutes of Conferences, Held at Lancaster, in August<\/em> (1762)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MinutesConference_Delaware_Download2.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download Easton Transcript<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MinutesConferece_SixNations_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download Lancaster Transcript<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_135827\/Ayer_MS_116_00001.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-648x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Handwritten letter. \" class=\"wp-image-13729\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-648x1024.jpg 648w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-scaled-300x474.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-scaled-600x949.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-768x1214.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-972x1536.jpg 972w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-1296x2048.jpg 1296w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_116_00001-scaled.jpg 1619w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_135827\/Ayer_MS_116_00001.jpg\">William Browning to Sir William Johnston (April 30, 1764)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_132054\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1604\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Handwritten text. &gt;Most of the Micmac tribe fought on the side of the Revolutionaries; therefore, this oath of loyalty was signed by members of the tribe after they were captured by the British and paroled. This was normal as the British released prisoners with their pledge. \" class=\"wp-image-13550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p1-scaled.jpg 1604w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p1-scaled-300x479.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Oath_of_loyalty_by_the_Indians_1778_p1-scaled-600x958.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1604px) 100vw, 1604px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_132054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Micmac oath] (1778)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_137755\/Ayer_MS_255_00001.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-638x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Handwritten text. \" class=\"wp-image-13731\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-638x1024.jpg 638w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-scaled-300x482.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-scaled-600x964.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-768x1233.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-956x1536.jpg 956w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-1275x2048.jpg 1275w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_MS_255_00001-scaled.jpg 1594w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_137755\/Ayer_MS_255_00001.jpg\">William Henry Drayton, &#8220;A talk from the Honorable Will[ia]m H. Drayton Esqr.,&#8221; 1 (September 25, 1775)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/BrowningToJohnson_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download Browning Transcript<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/MicmacOath_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download Oath Transcript<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DraytonToCherokeeNation_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download Drayton Transcript<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\/case_f_80735_84_tp.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1570\" height=\"2000\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp.jpg\" alt=\"Title page. Henry Bouquet was a British officer best known for his victory over an American Indian force during the siege of Fort Pitt during Pontiac\u2019s War.\" class=\"wp-image-13730\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp.jpg 1570w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-300x382.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-600x764.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-236x300.jpg 236w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-804x1024.jpg 804w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-768x978.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_80735_84_tp-1206x1536.jpg 1206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1570px) 100vw, 1570px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\/case_f_80735_84_tp.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Smith, <em>An Historical Account of the Expedition Against the Ohio Indians<\/em> (1769)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Indigenous perspectives in the late 1700s: maps &amp; images<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below you can see maps and images depicting Indigenous and European colonizer relations in the late 1700s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_895030\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"796\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-1024x796.jpg\" alt=\"Map. Most of what is today the Midwestern United States and Canada was settled by American Indians and colonized by France in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The territories of New France (Nouvelle-France) included the Great Lakes and extended. \" class=\"wp-image-13725\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-1024x796.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-600x467.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-768x597.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-1536x1194.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-2048x1593.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_895030\">Donald D. Bouma, Carte: <em>partie occidenatale de la Nouvelle France ou Canada &#8230;<\/em> (1951)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_146708\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2281\" height=\"2000\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_183_m2_1772_ms_map_05.jpg\" alt=\"Hand drawn picture of the fort. Fort Duquesne was built by the French in 1754 at the base of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in what is today Pittsburgh. It was the site of a pitched battle between the French, British, and American Indians and became Fort Pitt in 1758.\" class=\"wp-image-13754\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_183_m2_1772_ms_map_05.jpg 2281w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_183_m2_1772_ms_map_05-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_183_m2_1772_ms_map_05-600x526.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2281px) 100vw, 2281px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_146708\">Robert Stobo, &#8220;Fort Du Quesne&#8221; (1754)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"953\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-953x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Fold out map. \" class=\"wp-image-17731\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-953x1024.jpg 953w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-300x322.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-600x645.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-279x300.jpg 279w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-768x825.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15-1429x1536.jpg 1429w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15.jpg 1861w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 953px) 100vw, 953px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\/case_f_80735_84_map_pg_15.jpg\">William Smith, <em>An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians<\/em>, fold-out map pages 14-15 (1769)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1555\" height=\"2000\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the natives talking to the colonel at a council fire. \" class=\"wp-image-17732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14.jpg 1555w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14-300x386.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14-600x772.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1555px) 100vw, 1555px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_687092\/case_f_80735_84_plt_14.jpg\">William Smith,<em> An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians<\/em>, plate 14 &#8220;The Indians giving a Talk to Colonel Bouquet in a Conference at a Council Fire, near this Camp on the Banks of the Muskingum in North America, in Oct. 1764&#8221; (1769)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_352412\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"735\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-735x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Image of a man in a suit and tie. This image is similar to the last known portrait of Joseph Brant, painted by Ezra Ames in 1806.\" class=\"wp-image-13755\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-735x1024.jpg 735w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-300x418.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-600x836.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-768x1070.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309-1103x1536.jpg 1103w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_251_m8171_b8e3_1879a_pg_308_309.jpg 1436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_352412\">Edward Eggleston, &#8220;Portrait of Joseph Brant&#8221; (1879)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anderson, Fred. <em>Crucible of War: The Seven Years\u2019 War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766<\/em>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Axtell, James. \u201cColonial America without the Indians: Counterfactual Reflections,\u201d <em>Journal of American History 73<\/em> (1987), pp.&nbsp;981-96.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calloway, Colin G. <em>The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities<\/em>. 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dowd, Gregory Evans. <em>A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815<\/em>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dowd, Gregory Evans. <em>War Under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, &amp; the British Empire<\/em>. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fisher, Linford D. <em>The Indian Great Awakening: Religion and the Shaping of Native Cultures in Early America<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Holton, Woody. <em>Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia<\/em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Middleton, Richard. <em>Pontiac\u2019s War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences<\/em>. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Miller, Lee. <em>From the Heart: Voices of the American Indian<\/em>. New York: Knopf, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nash, Gary B. <em>The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America<\/em>. New York: Viking, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Richter, Daniel K. <em>Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America.<\/em> Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taylor, Alan. <em>American Revolutions : A Continental History, 1750-1804<\/em>. First edition. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taylor, Alan. <em>The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution<\/em>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">White, Richard. <em>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815<\/em>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Related Resources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Newberry Resources <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19567\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"426\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_PrimarySource.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for Native Nations in an Age of Empire and Revolution: Primary Source Activities\" class=\"wp-image-23564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_PrimarySource.png 426w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_PrimarySource-243x300.png 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Primary Source Activities: Native Nations in an Age of Empire and Revolution<br>by Rachel Banke, PhD<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19613\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"455\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_Glossary.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for Native Nations in an Age of Empire and Revolution: Glossary\" class=\"wp-image-23563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_Glossary.png 455w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_Glossary-255x300.png 255w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19613\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Glossary: Native Nations in an Age of Empire and Revolution <br>by Rachel Banke, PhD<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19609\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"441\" height=\"522\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_Assessments.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for Native Nations in an Age of Empire and Revolution: Assessments\" class=\"wp-image-23566\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_Assessments.png 441w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/NativeNationsEmpire_Assessments-253x300.png 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=19609\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Assessments: Native Nations in an Age of Empire and Revolution<br>by Rachel Banke, PhD<\/strong><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indigenous-chicago.org\/curriculum\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"887\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IndigenousChicagoThumbnail.png\" alt=\"Indigenous Chicago Project Thumbnail\" class=\"wp-image-23570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IndigenousChicagoThumbnail.png 887w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IndigenousChicagoThumbnail-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IndigenousChicagoThumbnail-768x369.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 887px) 100vw, 887px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/indigenous-chicago.org\/curriculum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Indigenous Chicago Curriculum<br><\/strong><\/a><br>A custom curriculum hosted by the Newberry and centered on Chicago as a Native Place. <br><br>Created in alignment with Illinois State Standards and to support the HB1633 mandate to teach Native history. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14534,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[103,140],"tags":[170,165],"class_list":["post-14446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-18th-century","category-lesson-plans","tag-native-american","tag-us-history"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/temp_map4f_g3311_e1_16_c3_1951_b6-e1600449663711.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14446","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14446"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14446\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25246,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14446\/revisions\/25246"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14446"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14446"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}