{"id":14487,"date":"2019-05-31T16:26:14","date_gmt":"2019-05-31T16:26:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14487"},"modified":"2025-06-27T15:21:16","modified_gmt":"2025-06-27T15:21:16","slug":"race-respectability-and-resilience-african-americans-in-the-midwest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14487","title":{"rendered":"Race, Respectability, and Resilience: African Americans in the Midwest"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In the popular imagination of what constitutes the Midwest, the African American presence is often obscured or missing altogether. When the African American presence in the Midwest does get mentioned, more often than not it\u2019s focused on representing black folks as a problem to be solved. Therefore, this digital collection offers a corrective on two separate historical accounts. Between the tendencies of being absent from the narrative or identified as a \u201cproblem,\u201d we can locate black Midwesterners\u2014and let their words and experiences speak for themselves. When we do so, the themes of race, respectability, and resilience emerge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Midwest is not, nor has it ever been, a place devoid of racial conflict; however, these documents at times point to the Midwest as occupying a middle ground in race relations. For example, the Missouri Compromise placed the Midwest in the \u201cmiddle\u201d of the controversy over slavery. Culturally and socially, the Midwest also functioned as a liminal space between slavery and true freedom. While the Midwest has been as mired in racial hostilities as any region in the U.S., at times, these documents present racial understandings, interactions, and possibilities, where something new (and perhaps unexpected) was able to thrive and take shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How African Americans both navigate and forge this new cultural and racial terrain can be understood through the values they articulate\u2014that of respectability and resilience. While it is tempting to see respectability politics and the need to be resilient in the face of adversity as additional forms of racial oppression, the personal and political agency of African Americans in articulating these values as a means to subvert stereotypes, subjugation, and racial barriers is an important aspect of understanding the experiences of African Americans in the Midwest. The documents in this collection span a great deal of time and distance; nonetheless there are generalizations that can be made about the Midwestern experiences and identities of African Americans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Questions to Consider While Exploring the Collection:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In what ways do African Americans featured in this collection articulate a vision of what the Midwest is, or what it can be?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What measures do African Americans take to shape the region according to their own designs, hopes, and needs?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do African Americans in the Midwest experience themselves as in the middle of Southern and coastal (East and West) African American experiences?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where are the moments that the idea of white supremacy seems to destabilize or weaken in these documents? In what ways do African Americans exploit these opportunities in their own self-interests?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do white Midwesterners resist the new racial paradigm that African Americans seek to create?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Words to Define:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Respectability Politics:<\/em> Attempts by marginalized groups to demonstrate that their social values are continuous and compatible with mainstream values, rather than challenging the mainstream or its failure to accept difference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Resilience:<\/em> The capacity to recover from difficulties; toughness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Agency:<\/em> The capacity, condition, or state of acting powerfully or of exerting power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Manumitted<\/em>: Released from slavery; set free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Disdain:<\/em> The feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one\u2019s consideration or respect; contempt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Forging New Identities: Free, Enslaved, and Indentured African Americans in Illinois, 1805-1826<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 outlawed slavery in the land that would later become the State of Illinois. Some white enslavers tried to get around the new law by re-registering their slaves as indentured servants. Indentured servitude is a kind of unfree labor different from slavery. An indentured servant signs or is forced into a contract to work for an employer for a fixed time, sometimes in exchange for passage to a new place. Unlike an enslaved person, an indentured servant will eventually be freed and may be able to negotiate the terms of their servitude. In parts of the Northwest Territory, indentured servitude became an informal slave trade. Owners sometimes sold their \u201cindentured servants\u201d or attempted to extend contracts to cover servants\u2019 children, just as an enslaved woman\u2019s children were automatically enslaved themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other enslavers manumitted \u2013 or freed \u2013 their slaves after the Ordinance. Ultimately, African Americans took advantage of this new ordinance, to gain some control over their lives and exercise their personal agency. As examples of agency, we have records of freed and enslaved people refusing to enter indentured servitude, negotiating their contract, or registering their children as free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Selections from the <em>Illinois, Madison County, Court Records, 1813-1818 and Indenture Records, 1805-1826: Register of Slaves, Indentured Servants &amp; Free Persons of Colour.<\/em> Edited by Peggy Lathrop Sapp. Springfield, IL: FolkWorks Research, 1993.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Image 1a &#8211; Page 89: Joshua Vaughan and Jack Boneparte<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Image 1b &#8211; Page 97: Samuel Judy and James Suggs Singleton<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Image 1c &#8211; Page 98: James Suggs Singleton and family<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Image 1d &#8211; Page 104: Parents registering children, Michael Lee<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Image 1e &#8211; Page 109: Joseph Conway and Janet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1a &#8211; Page 89: Joshua Vaughan and Jack Boneparte<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2002\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-scaled.jpg 2002w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-scaled-600x767.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-801x1024.jpg 801w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-768x982.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_89_edit-1-1602x2048.jpg 1602w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2002px) 100vw, 2002px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1a: Joshua Vaughan and Jack Boneparte, 1993<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Joshua Vaughan petitioned to commit the enslaved Jack Boneparte and his heirs to indentured servitude for ninety years. (1815)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Page 89 Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What did Jack Boneparte agree to, according to this petition?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What did Joshua Vaughan agree to, according to this petition?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are recorded instances in which enslaved men and women refused to agree to indentured servitude when entering the Northwest Territories. What type of agency do you think Jack had in negotiating the terms of his \u201cservice?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What options do you think Jack may have had?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1b &#8211; Page 97: Samuel Judy and James Suggs Singleton<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2001\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-scaled.jpg 2001w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-scaled-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_97_edit-1601x2048.jpg 1601w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2001px) 100vw, 2001px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b: Samuel Judy and James Suggs Singleton, 1993<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Samuel Judy petitioned to have his enslaved worker James Suggs Singleton\u2019s status converted to an indentured servant for a period of twelve years. (1815)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Page 97 Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does James Suggs Singleton negotiate the terms of his indentured servitude? How are his tactics similar to or different from Jack Boneparte\u2019s?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do you see agency working in both accounts?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What conditions might have resulted in Singleton\u2019s shorter, twelve-year period of servitude? Find evidence in the text.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How might other African Americans brought into the Midwestern region during this time period have negotiated the conditions of their work and advocated for their own freedom?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1c &#8211; Page 98: James Suggs Singleton and family<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2011\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14115\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-scaled.jpg 2011w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-scaled-300x382.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-scaled-600x764.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-236x300.jpg 236w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-804x1024.jpg 804w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-768x978.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-1207x1536.jpg 1207w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_98_edit-1609x2048.jpg 1609w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2011px) 100vw, 2011px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1c: James Suggs Singleton and family, 1993<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>On December 8, 1813, the Illinois Territory passed an act to prevent free people of color and \u201cmulattoes\u201d (people of mixed race) from entering the territory. Free people of color living in the territory had to register in order to remain. This selection registers James Suggs Singleton and his family. In a note, the clerk explains that the family was registered late because news of the law had not reached Madison county.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Page 98 Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Singletons\u2019 registration proves that they lived in the territory and were manumitted from various enslavers prior to 1813. Therefore, James Suggs Singleton was presumably free in 1815 when he entered into indentured servitude, as recorded on page 97. Based on the two entries, what can we conclude about Singleton\u2019s situation between 1813 and 1815? Why might he be willing go from freedom to indentured servitude?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where can you see Singleton\u2019s personal agency at work?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1d &#8211; Page 104: Parents registering children, Michael Lee<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1986\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14116\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-scaled.jpg 1986w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-scaled-300x387.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-scaled-600x773.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-233x300.jpg 233w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-794x1024.jpg 794w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-768x990.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-1192x1536.jpg 1192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_104_edit-1589x2048.jpg 1589w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1986px) 100vw, 1986px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1d: Parents registering children, Michael Lee, 1993<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>African American parents registered their free-born children after the 1813 law. Doing so ensured the children could stay in the Illinois Territory and created a legal record of their freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Page 104 Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why would it be important to legally recognize the freedom of African -American children? What does this need suggest about slavery in the territories at this time?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does Michael Lee\u2019s situation demonstrate about slavery and servitude in Illinois?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is Rebecca Guest\u2019s testimony that he \u201chas a good countenance\u201d important? What does she mean by this remark, and what is the potential significance?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How is Guest\u2019s description an example of respectability politics, if at all? Discuss some examples to back up your impression of this passage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1e &#8211; Page 109: Joseph Conway and Janet<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1995\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14117\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-scaled.jpg 1995w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-scaled-300x385.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-scaled-600x770.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-798x1024.jpg 798w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-768x985.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-1197x1536.jpg 1197w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/IMCCR_page_109_edit-1596x2048.jpg 1596w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1995px) 100vw, 1995px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1e: Joseph Conway and Janet, 1993<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Joseph Conway registered Janet, who had been enslaved in Kentucky, as his indentured servant for thirty years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Page 109 Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Do you believe that Janet voluntarily became the indentured servant of Joseph Conway? If so, what evidence suggests the decision to do so?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think Conway\u2019s consent is stated in the record?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Given the historical evidence available in this passage, what possible agency might exist for Janet in these circumstances?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">New Racial Terrains: Monroe County, Iowa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Buxton, Iowa was a majority African American, multi-ethnic mining town. By all accounts, Ben Buxton, the president of Consolidation Coal Company, ran a company town in which there was equality among whites and blacks in housing, employment, and education. African Americans came from coal mining areas of Virginia and West Virginia seeking work and the freedom Buxton offered. The town eventually folded along with its coal reserves, but its existence is an example of the complexity of Midwestern race relations and the ways African Americans took advantage of that complexity to achieve their collective goals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Selections below from the <em>Monroe County History<\/em> by the Writers\u2019 Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Iowa. Des Moines, 1940.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Image 1a &#8211; Pages 58-59: The 1880 strike at Albia Coal Company\u2019s Cedar Creek Mines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Image 1b &#8211; Pages 60-61: Brooker T. Washington\u2019s 1902 speech at Buxton<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_120789a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1a &#8211; Pages 58-59: The 1880 strike at Albia Coal Company\u2019s Cedar Creek Mines<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"890\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-14088\" data-id=\"14088\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_58_edit-890x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_58_edit-890x1024.jpg 890w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_58_edit-scaled-300x345.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_58_edit-scaled-600x690.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_58_edit-261x300.jpg 261w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_58_edit-768x883.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_58_edit-1335x1536.jpg 1335w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_58_edit-1781x2048.jpg 1781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 890px) 100vw, 890px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Image 1a: Albia Coal Company Strike, 1940<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"883\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17585\" data-id=\"17585\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-61_edit-883x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-61_edit-883x1024.jpg 883w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-61_edit-scaled-300x348.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-61_edit-scaled-600x695.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-61_edit-259x300.jpg 259w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-61_edit-768x890.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-61_edit-1325x1536.jpg 1325w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-61_edit-1767x2048.jpg 1767w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 883px) 100vw, 883px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Image 1a: Albia Coal Company Strike, 1940<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_120789a\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b &#8211; Pages 60-61: Brooker T. Washington\u2019s 1902 speech at Buxton<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"869\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-14118\" data-id=\"14118\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-869x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-869x1024.jpg 869w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-scaled-300x354.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-scaled-600x707.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-255x300.jpg 255w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-768x905.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-1303x1536.jpg 1303w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-1738x2048.jpg 1738w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 869px) 100vw, 869px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Image 1b: Brooker T. Washington Buxton Speech, 1940<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"891\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17584\" data-id=\"17584\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-59_edit-891x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-59_edit-891x1024.jpg 891w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-59_edit-scaled-300x345.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-59_edit-scaled-600x689.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-59_edit-261x300.jpg 261w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-59_edit-768x882.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-59_edit-1337x1536.jpg 1337w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Monroe-County-p-59_edit-1783x2048.jpg 1783w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 891px) 100vw, 891px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Image 1b: Brooker T. Washington Buxton Speech, 1940<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why might black workers have been willing to work as strikebreakers?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do their actions point to a sense of resilience?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How might the author\u2019s use of the word \u201cimported\u201d shape the reader\u2019s perspectives on the migration of African Americans to Buxton and their enactment of agency before and after the move?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you trust the author\u2019s take on Booker T. Washington\u2019s speech? In what ways might this speech (as it is presented) serve the interests of white Midwesterners?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assuming Washington\u2019s words are well-represented, in what ways might he be engaging in respectability politics? How might his idea of \u201cself-control\u201d support or limit the efforts of African Americans seeking racial justice?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What expectations do you think that African Americans coming to Buxton brought with them about their possible futures in Iowa?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As African Americans left Buxton for other areas, what expectations and practices do you think they took with them?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Hundred Year Journal: Black Residents in Stephenson County, Illinois<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The first African American to arrive in Stephenson County, Illinois came from Virginia in 1832. She was a free woman who stowed away with a white family traveling to Wisconsin, after freeing their enslaved workers had made them unpopular in their original home. Unfortunately, she died along the way and was buried near Cedarville, Illinois\u2014free territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the years, other African Americans sought freedom and justice in what would become known as the Midwest. After the Civil War, small numbers of emancipated people moved north to places like Stephenson County.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selection from <em>A Hundred Year Journal: A Pictorial History of the Early Black Settlers of Stephenson County, Illinois, 1830-1930<\/em> by Joyce Salter Johnson. Freeport, IL, Stephenson County Historical Society, 2010. Section 3: Black Residents in Stephen County, Illinois<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1725\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14089\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-scaled.jpg 1725w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-scaled-300x445.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-scaled-600x890.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-690x1024.jpg 690w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-768x1140.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-1035x1536.jpg 1035w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-1380x2048.jpg 1380w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1725px) 100vw, 1725px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Hundred Year Journal: Black Residents in Stephenson County, Illinois, 2010<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What kinds of jobs did emancipated African Americans hold in Stephenson County? How was this work similar to or different from work they likely did while enslaved? If you identify migrants\u2019 agency in their new positions, what does it look like within their experiences as slaves?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How would the search for a better life have involved different considerations for African Americans than for white migrants with the same goal?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Hundred Year Journal: World War I<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>When historical moments of change presented themselves, African American men and women took the opportunity to carve out new racial possibilities. World War I was such a moment. Black men served in segregated military units, which brought them into contact with new places and people. For some, it represented an opportunity to demonstrate their bravery and loyalty. Black women worked in factories, became nurses, and mobilized support for their communities. Some women joined the Red Cross in the hopes of desegregating the Army and Navy Nurse Corps. They succeeded in 1917. Others embraced the United States\u2019 rhetoric of freedom and justice, protested lynching, and demanded that the suffrage movement include women of color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selection from <em>A Hundred Year Journal: A Pictorial History of the Early Black Settlers of Stephenson County, Illinois, 1830-1930<\/em> by Joyce Salter Johnson. Freeport, IL, Stephenson County Historical Society, 2010. Section 6: World War 1<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1714\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14090\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-scaled.jpg 1714w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-scaled-300x448.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-scaled-600x896.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-686x1024.jpg 686w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-768x1147.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-1029x1536.jpg 1029w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6-1372x2048.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1714px) 100vw, 1714px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Hundred Year Journal: World War I, 2010<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do you think so many African Americans were willing to participate in the war effort, even though the U.S. denied them full equality?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whose decision do you think it was to spare Black recruits from the oppressive Jim Crow Laws? How do you think those same people justified requiring them to serve in segregated camps in the North?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does African Americans\u2019 participation in the war demonstrate their resilience in the face of racial discrimination? In what ways does it employ the tactics of \u201crespectability politics\u201d?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Hundred Year Journal: Freeport, Illinois<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Thousands of African Americans moved north, especially to cities, during and after the First World War. This massive population shift is called the Great Migration. New arrivals in towns like Freeport built or expanded black churches, schools, and community groups. Migrants from the South were used to rural, agricultural ways of life. Moving north, they both adapted to new routines and incorporated parts of their lives \u2013 like food, music, and language \u2013 into northern culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selections from <em>A Hundred Year Journal: A Pictorial History of the Early Black Settlers of Stephenson County, Illinois, 1830-1930<\/em> by Joyce Salter Johnson. Freeport, IL, Stephenson County Historical Society, 2010.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1a &#8211; Section 7: The Great Migration<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1673\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14091\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-scaled.jpg 1673w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-scaled-300x459.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-scaled-600x918.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-669x1024.jpg 669w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-768x1176.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-1004x1536.jpg 1004w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_6b-1338x2048.jpg 1338w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1a: Section 7: The Great Migration \u201cUp North\u201d Promise Land, 2010<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1b &#8211; Sunday school teachers and students of St. Paul Missionary Baptist Church<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1682\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14119\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-scaled.jpg 1682w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-scaled-300x457.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-scaled-600x913.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-673x1024.jpg 673w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-768x1169.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-1009x1536.jpg 1009w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_8-1345x2048.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1682px) 100vw, 1682px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b: Sunday School at St. Paul&#8217;s Missionary Baptist Church, 2010<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1c &#8211; East Side School class of 1933<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1678\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-scaled.jpg 1678w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-scaled-300x458.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-scaled-600x915.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-671x1024.jpg 671w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-768x1172.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-1007x1536.jpg 1007w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Section_11-1343x2048.jpg 1343w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1678px) 100vw, 1678px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1c: East Side School, 2010<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>After studying images 1b and 1c side by side, what do you notice?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What possible information do they present about segregation (or the lack thereof) in small Midwestern towns like Freeport?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think schools weren\u2019t segregated, but churches were? Why might African Americans opt for segregated churches, but advocate for integrated schools?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With the above question in mind, who do you think made the decisions to segregate or integrate social spaces? How do these images provide clues to this decision-making process within African American communities?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Black Eden: Idlewild, Michigan<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Idlewild was established as a resort community in the state of Michigan. It was founded by affluent African Americans in response to their experience of segregation and discrimination in white social spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selections from <em>Idlewild: The Black Eden of Michigan<\/em> by Ronald Jemal Stephens. Chicago, Arcadia Publishers, 2001.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1a &#8211; Page 48: \u201cWell-dressed resorters\u201d<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"767\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_48-1024x767.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14092\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_48-1024x767.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_48-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_48-scaled-600x449.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_48-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_48-1536x1150.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_48-2048x1534.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1a: &#8220;Well-dressed resorters&#8221;, 2001<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1b -Page 104: \u201cVacationers Fishing on Lake Idlewild\u201d<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"773\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-1024x773.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-1024x773.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-scaled-600x453.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-768x580.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-1536x1160.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-2048x1547.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b: &#8220;Vacationers Fishing on Lake Idelwild&#8221;, 2001<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1c &#8211; Page 106: \u201cHorseback riders\u201d<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"672\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_106-1024x672.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14122\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_106-1024x672.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_106-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_106-scaled-600x394.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_106-768x504.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_106-1536x1007.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_106-2048x1343.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1c: &#8220;Horseback Riders&#8221;, 2001<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do you think the first caption states that the vacationers are \u201cwell-dressed?\u201d How does this description relate to the idea of respectability politics?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aside from the vacationers\u2019 clothes, what other examples do you see in the pictures that reflect notions of respectability?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do you think the desire to appear respectable influenced African Americans\u2019 cultural expressions (and practices as consumers)? What other values or concerns might have influenced African Americans\u2019 clothing choices?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Black Eden: Skin Color Politics<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>One consequence of racism and the notion of white supremacy is the internalization and reinforcement of these belief systems within African American communities. These selections from Stephens\u2019 <em>Idlewild<\/em> discuss skin color politics, and opinions within African American communities about the meaning and value of skin color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At Idlewild, skin color politics connected to class politics, because lighter-skinned members often enjoyed more privilege\u2014resulting in greater wealth and social mobility. Sources that document assumptions made about skin color help us to understand the complexities of social and political agency. For instance, on the one hand, African Americans at Idlewild used their agency to protest the wider order of white supremacy; on the other, their participation in skin politics supported those same values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selections from <em>Idlewild: The Black Eden of Michigan<\/em> by Ronald Jemal Stephens. Chicago, Arcadia Publishers, 2001.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1a &#8211; Page 59: Observations of St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1641\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14093\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-scaled.jpg 1641w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-scaled-300x468.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-scaled-600x936.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-656x1024.jpg 656w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-768x1198.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-985x1536.jpg 985w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_59_edit-1313x2048.jpg 1313w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1641px) 100vw, 1641px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1a: St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, 2001<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1b &#8211; Page 60: Quote from Lawrence Otis Graham<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1696\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14123\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-scaled.jpg 1696w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-scaled-300x453.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-scaled-600x906.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-678x1024.jpg 678w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-768x1159.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-1018x1536.jpg 1018w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_60_edit-1357x2048.jpg 1357w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1696px) 100vw, 1696px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b: Lawrence Otis Graham, 2001<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1c &#8211; Page 61: Children crossing class lines<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1695\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-scaled.jpg 1695w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-scaled-300x453.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-scaled-600x906.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-678x1024.jpg 678w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-768x1160.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-1017x1536.jpg 1017w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_61_edit-1356x2048.jpg 1356w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1695px) 100vw, 1695px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1c: Children Crossing Class Lines, 2001<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do you think skin color politics became so influential in places like Idlewild?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways was skin color associated with respectability within this African American community?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What specific evidence in these sources points to a relationship between skin color and respectability?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Black Eden: Integration<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In these selections, Ronald Jemal Stephens argues that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had negative consequences for Idlewild and other Black spaces. The Act outlawed segregation in public places, integrated public schools, and prohibited racial discrimination in employment. Instead of supporting African American communities or bringing white people into Black spaces, the Act encouraged African Americans to participate in white institutions and abandon black social spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selections from <em>Idlewild: The Black Eden of Michigan<\/em> by Ronald Jemal Stephens. Chicago, Arcadia Publishers, 2001.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1a -Page 130: Economic consequences<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1682\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14094\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-scaled.jpg 1682w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-scaled-300x457.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-scaled-600x913.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-673x1024.jpg 673w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-768x1169.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-1009x1536.jpg 1009w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_130_edit-1346x2048.jpg 1346w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1682px) 100vw, 1682px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1a: Economic Consequences, 2001<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1b &#8211; Page 135: Integration and the Civil Rights Movement<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1704\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14125\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-scaled.jpg 1704w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-scaled-300x451.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-scaled-600x901.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-682x1024.jpg 682w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-768x1154.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-1022x1536.jpg 1022w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit-1363x2048.jpg 1363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1704px) 100vw, 1704px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b: Integration and the Civil Rights Movement, 2001<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do you think many African Americans left African American social spaces, like Idlewild, after the end of segregation?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did white businesses benefit from desegregation?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How could the decline of Black businesses as a result of desegregation be considered ironic?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How is the shift towards white spaces an example of the resilience of African American communities? Of the influence of respectability politics? Something else?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">American Daughter: Foreign Ideas of Race<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Born in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1905, Era Bell Thompson spent most of her life in the Midwest. As a small child she lived in North Dakota and later attended the University of North Dakota, Morningside College in Iowa, and Northwestern University in Illinois. She eventually moved to Chicago and worked as a journalist. Her autobiography, <em>American Daughter<\/em>, was published in 1946. Her second book, <em>Africa, Land of My Fathers<\/em>, was published in 1954. As a journalist and author Thompson promoted racial and gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selections from <em>American Daughter<\/em> by Era Bell Thompson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_725300a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pages 26-27: A white Norwegian couple visited the Thompson family on their North Dakota farm during Thompson\u2019s childhood.<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-14095\" data-id=\"14095\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-667x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-667x1024.jpg 667w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-scaled-300x461.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-scaled-600x921.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-195x300.jpg 195w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-768x1180.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-1000x1536.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-1333x2048.jpg 1333w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_26_edit-scaled.jpg 1667w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">American Daughter: Foreign Ideas of Race, 1946<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17589\" data-id=\"17589\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-654x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-654x1024.jpg 654w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-scaled-300x469.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-scaled-600x939.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-768x1202.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-981x1536.jpg 981w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-1308x2048.jpg 1308w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/American-Daughter-p-27_edit-scaled.jpg 1636w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">American Daughter: Foreign Ideas of Race, 1946<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does the experience of having white neighbors who were born outside of the U.S. shape Thompson\u2019s experience in the Midwest?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do their \u201cforeign\u201d understandings of race create the possibility for new racial interactions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">American Daughter: Race and Employment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Because she grew up in a white town in rural North Dakota, Era Bell Thompson did not have much experience in predominantly black communities. In these passages from her autobiography <em>American Daughter<\/em>, Thompson recounts how some of her perceptions of race were shaped by her experiences living in Chicago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selections from <em>American Daughter<\/em> by Era Bell Thompson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1a &#8211; Page 182: Thompson reflects on her views of African Americans from the South.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_725300a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1745\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14096\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-scaled.jpg 1745w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-scaled-300x440.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-scaled-600x880.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-698x1024.jpg 698w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-768x1127.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-1047x1536.jpg 1047w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_182_edit-1396x2048.jpg 1396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1745px) 100vw, 1745px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_725300a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1a: Thompson&#8217;s Views of Black Southerners, 1946<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Image 1b &#8211; Page 212: Thompson describes an interaction with a white man from Oklahoma.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_725300a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1697\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-scaled.jpg 1697w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-scaled-300x453.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-scaled-600x905.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-679x1024.jpg 679w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-768x1158.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-1018x1536.jpg 1018w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-1358x2048.jpg 1358w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1697px) 100vw, 1697px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_725300a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b: Interaction with a White Man from Oklahoma, 1946<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does Era Bell Thompson\u2019s disdain for less educated African Americans reflect the notion of respectability politics?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does her disdain reflect skin color politics similar to those in Idlewild?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why does she say she began to adopt this attitude?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With the text as a guide to your impressions, what other circumstances do you think may have contributed to her feelings and beliefs?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the white man\u2019s response to Thompson\u2019s position of authority show about standard racial interactions in the 1940s and 1950s?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do these documents prove that certain racial boundaries could be challenged in the Midwest?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pi Sigma Delta<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1937, Pearl Pachaco Williams, the Recreation Director for the Rosenwald Building (a luxury apartment building in Chicago open to African Americans), designed recreation programs for building residents, including girls\u2019 ballet classes. Mildred B. Haessler, who was white, taught the ballet classes and later helped her students form a ballet sorority. Besides ballet, the sorority promoted other activities that met the standards of respectability, conduct, morality, and the beauty of the dominant culture. The selections included here come from the sorority\u2019s membership ledger, which Haessler maintained. Next to each member\u2019s name, Haessler included notes about poise, ability, and technique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pi Sigma Delta Sorority. <em>The Book of the Pi Sigma Delta Sorority.<\/em> Midwest Manuscript Collection. Newberry Library, Chicago.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Page 3: Jaqueline Henderson, Gwendolyn Prescott, and Wilma Maxie<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2154\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14097\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-scaled.jpg 2154w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-scaled-300x357.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-scaled-600x713.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-252x300.jpg 252w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-862x1024.jpg 862w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-768x913.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-1292x1536.jpg 1292w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-1723x2048.jpg 1723w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2154px) 100vw, 2154px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pi Sigma Delta Members, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle has-icon-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__row\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header-wrapper\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header-title\">Transcription<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__content\">\n<p>17 Jaqueline Henderson<br>accompanist <br>Toe &#8211; works<br>good accompanist in 1948-49 &#8212; Junior College 1947 &#8212; \u03a0\u03a3\u0394 in 6\/&#8217;48 \/ Self-centered + heady, not warm in personality <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>18 Gwendolyn Prescott<br>Toe &#8211; hard worker<br>natural Toe. Off-asst. &#8211; &#8217;48-&#8217;49, Entered \u03a0\u03a3\u0394 in 6\/&#8217;48.<br>Entered Junior College in 9\/&#8217;49 \/ Spoiled &#8212; self-centered<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>20 Wilma Maxie<br>Toe &#8211; Teacher <br>hard worker<br>Showy talent <br>College 1947 &#8211; Teacher in 1948-&#8217;49)<br>Entered \u03a0\u03a3\u0394 in 6\/48. Did not learn out her promise (attractive personality). Showed utter disregard of loyality [sic] during last year; did not tell me the truth about herself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pages 4-5: Vivian Ware and Victoria Morehead<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-4-5_edit-1024x632.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17573\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-4-5_edit-1024x632.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-4-5_edit-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-4-5_edit-scaled-600x370.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-4-5_edit-768x474.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-4-5_edit-1536x948.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-4-5_edit-2048x1264.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_952938\" target=\"_blank\">Pi Sigma Delta Members, 1947<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle has-icon-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__row\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header-wrapper\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header-title\">Transcription<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__content\">\n<p>21 Vivian Ware<br>Hard working and reflective Entered \u03a0\u03a3\u0394 12\/29\/&#8217;48. 1st year College<br>Gentle + quiet exterior; not out-going enough. Married young + regretted it! Too bad!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>22 Victoria Morehead<br>Considerable charm &#8211; ability + intelligence. Will make a good executive. Works hard + appreciatively at her dancing. Is a fine musician in the making. She always had charm. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pages 6-7: Janice Lalioferro<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"637\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-6-7_edit-1024x637.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17574\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-6-7_edit-1024x637.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-6-7_edit-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-6-7_edit-scaled-600x373.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-6-7_edit-768x478.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-6-7_edit-1536x955.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Pi-Sigma-Delta-Membership-Ledger-pp.-6-7_edit-2048x1274.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_952938\" target=\"_blank\">Pi Sigma Delta Members, 1947<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle has-icon-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__row\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header-wrapper\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header-title\">Transcription <\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__content\">\n<p>44 Janice Lalioferro<br>able- talented. home situation makes her place in group doubtful. Professional possibilities.<br><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pi Sigma Delta Moto<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_952938-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2087\" height=\"2560\" src=\"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14098\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-scaled.jpg 2087w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-scaled-300x368.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-scaled-600x736.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-245x300.jpg 245w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-835x1024.jpg 835w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-768x942.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-1252x1536.jpg 1252w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-1670x2048.jpg 1670w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2087px) 100vw, 2087px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_952938-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pi Sigma Delta Moto, 1947<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is the tone of these entries? What are some clues indicating that Haessler wrote them, as opposed to a student?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How could embracing the standards of ballet (aesthetics, discipline, standards of beauty, etc.) and excelling at ballet enhance notions of respectability and social acceptance for black girls and their families?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what way is this goal of ballet excellence gendered? Why might the respectability of girls and women be particularly important to furthering the goals of racial progress?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What values does the sorority\u2019s motto promote? What types of stereotypes might the motto be addressing \u201cbetween the lines\u201d?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What common racial stereotypes and myths does Haessler rely on when evaluating these African American teens?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mrs. Haessler\u2019s Dance Brochure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a program brochure for a 1947 dance recital directed by Mildred B. Haessler. The brochure contains a lineup of performances, as well as images of girls whose families took out ads to support and promote them. The girls autographed one of the final pages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mildred B. Haessler Ballet Group. <em>Tenth of a Century: The Mildred B. Hassler Ballet Group Presents the Book of the Dance<\/em>. Chicago, Haessler Ballet Group, 1947.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-14099\" data-id=\"14099\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-790x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-790x1024.jpg 790w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-scaled-300x389.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-scaled-600x778.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-768x995.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-1185x1536.jpg 1185w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-1580x2048.jpg 1580w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-scaled.jpg 1975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17571\" data-id=\"17571\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-790x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-790x1024.jpg 790w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-scaled-300x389.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-scaled-600x778.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-768x996.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-1184x1536.jpg 1184w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-1579x2048.jpg 1579w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program2-scaled.jpg 1974w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"782\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17572\" data-id=\"17572\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-782x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-782x1024.jpg 782w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-scaled-600x786.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-768x1006.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-1173x1536.jpg 1173w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-1564x2048.jpg 1564w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program3-scaled.jpg 1955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"782\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17564\" data-id=\"17564\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-782x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-782x1024.jpg 782w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-scaled-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-scaled-600x786.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-768x1006.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-1173x1536.jpg 1173w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-1564x2048.jpg 1564w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program4-scaled.jpg 1955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17565\" data-id=\"17565\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-790x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-790x1024.jpg 790w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-scaled-300x389.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-scaled-600x777.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-768x995.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-1186x1536.jpg 1186w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-1581x2048.jpg 1581w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program5-scaled.jpg 1976w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"784\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17566\" data-id=\"17566\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-784x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-784x1024.jpg 784w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-scaled-300x392.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-scaled-600x783.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-768x1002.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-1177x1536.jpg 1177w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-1569x2048.jpg 1569w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program6-scaled.jpg 1961w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17567\" data-id=\"17567\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-790x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-790x1024.jpg 790w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-scaled-300x389.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-scaled-600x778.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-768x996.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-1184x1536.jpg 1184w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-1579x2048.jpg 1579w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program7-scaled.jpg 1974w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17568\" data-id=\"17568\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-790x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-790x1024.jpg 790w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-scaled-300x389.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-scaled-600x777.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-768x995.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-1186x1536.jpg 1186w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-1581x2048.jpg 1581w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program9-scaled.jpg 1976w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17569\" data-id=\"17569\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-790x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-790x1024.jpg 790w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-scaled-300x389.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-scaled-600x777.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-768x995.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-1186x1536.jpg 1186w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-1581x2048.jpg 1581w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program10-scaled.jpg 1976w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"802\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17570\" data-id=\"17570\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-802x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-802x1024.jpg 802w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-scaled-300x383.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-scaled-600x766.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-768x981.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-1202x1536.jpg 1202w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-1603x2048.jpg 1603w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/program11_BACK-COVER-scaled.jpg 2004w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, 1947<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What surprises you about the photos? Do they challenge any assumptions you may have held about the lives of African American girls in the 1940s?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways might these pictures reflect the goals of the girls or their families?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What vision of black femininity do these goals reflect?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What connections can you find between ballet and respectability politics? Find specific visual clues to reflect these connections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Chicago Commission on Race Relations was set up after the Chicago Race Riots of 1919 to investigate the causes of the riots and prevent future violence. The primary focus of the investigation, however, became the life and experiences of African American residents of the city. The Commission concluded that widespread discrimination, racist housing policies, and violence against African Americans by white groups were the main causes of the riot. To contextualize why Chicago\u2019s Black population had grown in the early 20th century, the Commission analyzed reasons why Black southern residents moved north. Today historians call this massive movement in the African American population the Great Migration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selections from the \u201cChicago Commission on Race Relations\u201d on the causes of the Great Migration. Victor Lawson Papers. Newberry Library, Chicago.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_808491-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cI. Introduction\u201d<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"796\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17576\" data-id=\"17576\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-796x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-796x1024.jpg 796w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-scaled-300x386.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-scaled-600x772.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-233x300.jpg 233w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-768x988.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-1194x1536.jpg 1194w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-1592x2048.jpg 1592w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-1-scaled.jpg 1990w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"796\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-14100\" data-id=\"14100\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-796x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-796x1024.jpg 796w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-scaled-300x386.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-scaled-600x771.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-233x300.jpg 233w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-768x987.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-1195x1536.jpg 1195w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-1593x2048.jpg 1593w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._2-scaled.jpg 1991w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"785\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17580\" data-id=\"17580\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-785x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-785x1024.jpg 785w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-scaled-300x391.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-scaled-600x782.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-768x1002.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-1178x1536.jpg 1178w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-1570x2048.jpg 1570w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-scaled.jpg 1963w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_808491-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cII. Causes of the Migration\u201d<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"785\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17580\" data-id=\"17580\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-785x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-785x1024.jpg 785w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-scaled-300x391.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-scaled-600x782.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-768x1002.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-1178x1536.jpg 1178w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-1570x2048.jpg 1570w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-3-scaled.jpg 1963w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"803\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17581\" data-id=\"17581\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-803x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-803x1024.jpg 803w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-scaled-300x383.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-scaled-600x765.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-768x979.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-1204x1536.jpg 1204w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-1606x2048.jpg 1606w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-4-scaled.jpg 2007w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17582\" data-id=\"17582\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-800x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-scaled-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-1601x2048.jpg 1601w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-5-scaled.jpg 2001w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17583\" data-id=\"17583\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-800x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-scaled-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-1601x2048.jpg 1601w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-scaled.jpg 2001w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17577\" data-id=\"17577\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-798x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-798x1024.jpg 798w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-scaled-300x385.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-scaled-600x770.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-768x986.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-1196x1536.jpg 1196w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-1595x2048.jpg 1595w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-11-scaled.jpg 1994w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_808491-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> White Public Opinion<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"794\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17578\" data-id=\"17578\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-794x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-794x1024.jpg 794w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-scaled-300x387.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-scaled-600x774.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-233x300.jpg 233w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-768x991.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-1191x1536.jpg 1191w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-1588x2048.jpg 1588w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-23-scaled.jpg 1985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: Public Opinion, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"810\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17579\" data-id=\"17579\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-810x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-810x1024.jpg 810w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-scaled-300x379.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-scaled-600x759.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-768x971.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-1214x1536.jpg 1214w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-1619x2048.jpg 1619w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-24-scaled.jpg 2024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: Public Opinion, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"808\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-14101\" data-id=\"14101\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-808x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-808x1024.jpg 808w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-scaled-300x380.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-scaled-600x760.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-768x974.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-1212x1536.jpg 1212w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-1616x2048.jpg 1616w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-scaled.jpg 2020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 808px) 100vw, 808px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Chicago Commission on Race Relations: Whie Public Opinion, 1920<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Guiding Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What reasons do the authors give for African American migration north? What interactions between White and Black Americans appear in the document?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you find any of these racial interactions surprising? Why?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does this document suggest about the strength or fragility of racial boundaries in Chicago at the time?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">New Identities and Terrains <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>As examples of agency, we have records of freed and enslaved people refusing to enter indentured servitude, negotiating their contract, or registering their children as free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\/IMCCR_page_104_edit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ILMadisonCo_190-1024x308.png\" alt=\"Paragraph of typewritten text. Indenture contract between Joseph Conway and Janet.\" class=\"wp-image-23741\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ILMadisonCo_190-1024x308.png 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ILMadisonCo_190-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ILMadisonCo_190-768x231.png 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ILMadisonCo_190-1536x462.png 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ILMadisonCo_190.png 1853w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_114886a\/IMCCR_page_104_edit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Indenture contract between Joseph Conway and Janet, Illinois, Madison County Court Records (1818)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_120789a\/Monroe_County_p_61_edit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"869\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-869x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Brooker T. Washington\u2019s 1902 speech at Buxton.\" class=\"wp-image-14118\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-869x1024.jpg 869w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-scaled-300x354.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-scaled-600x707.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-255x300.jpg 255w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-768x905.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-1303x1536.jpg 1303w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Monroe_County_p_60_edit-1738x2048.jpg 1738w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 869px) 100vw, 869px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_120789a\/Monroe_County_p_61_edit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b: Brooker T. Washington Buxton Speech, (1940)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Black Eden and Black Residents <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the years, African Americans sought freedom and justice in what would become known as the Midwest. Idlewild was established as a resort community in the state of Michigan. It was founded by affluent African Americans in response to their experience of segregation and discrimination in white social spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"690\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-690x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Black Residents Living in Stephenson County after the Civil War.\" class=\"wp-image-14089\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-690x1024.jpg 690w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-scaled-300x445.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-scaled-600x890.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-768x1140.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-1035x1536.jpg 1035w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-1380x2048.jpg 1380w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3-scaled.jpg 1725w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_855359a\/Hundred_Year_Journal_Seciton_3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>A Hundred Year Journal: Black Residents in Stephenson County, Illinois<\/em>, (2010)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-1024x773.jpg\" alt=\"Page 104: \u201cVacationers Fishing on Lake Idlewild photograph. \" class=\"wp-image-14121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-1024x773.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-scaled-600x453.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-768x580.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-1536x1160.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Black_Eden_p_104-2048x1547.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_833780a\/Black_Eden_p_135_edit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Image 1b: &#8220;Vacationers Fishing on Lake Idelwild&#8221; (2001)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Racial and Gender Equality <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>These documents present racial understandings, interactions, and possibilities, where something new (and perhaps unexpected) was able to thrive and take shape. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"679\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-679x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Thompson describes an interaction with a white man from Oklahoma.\" class=\"wp-image-14126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-679x1024.jpg 679w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-scaled-300x453.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-scaled-600x905.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-768x1158.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-1018x1536.jpg 1018w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-1358x2048.jpg 1358w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American_Daughter_p_212_edit-scaled.jpg 1697w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_725300a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>American Daughter<\/em>, Image 1b: Interaction with a White Man from Oklahoma (1946)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_952938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"862\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-862x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Names on paper- Jaqueline Henderson, Gwendolyn Prescott, and Wilma Maxie. \" class=\"wp-image-14097\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-862x1024.jpg 862w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-scaled-300x357.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-scaled-600x713.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-252x300.jpg 252w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-768x913.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-1292x1536.jpg 1292w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._3_edit-1723x2048.jpg 1723w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 862px) 100vw, 862px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_952938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pi Sigma Delta Members, (1947)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_952938-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"835\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-835x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The motto of the Pi Sigma Delta Sorority. \" class=\"wp-image-14098\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-835x1024.jpg 835w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-scaled-300x368.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-scaled-600x736.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-245x300.jpg 245w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-768x942.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-1252x1536.jpg 1252w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pi_Sigma_Delta_Membership_Ledger_p._45_Moto_edit-1670x2048.jpg 1670w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_952938-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pi Sigma Delta Moto (1947)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-790x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Brochure from a 1947 performance of the Mildred B. Haessler Ballet Group. Multiple girl's face are set in a pattern. \" class=\"wp-image-14099\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-790x1024.jpg 790w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-scaled-300x389.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-scaled-600x778.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-768x995.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-1185x1536.jpg 1185w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-1580x2048.jpg 1580w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/program1_COVER-scaled.jpg 1975w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_124824\">Mrs. Haessler&#8217;s Dance Brochure, (1947)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Race Relations <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Chicago Commission on Race Relations concluded that widespread discrimination, racist housing policies, and violence against African Americans by white groups were the main causes of the riot. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_808491-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"808\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-808x1024.jpg\" alt=\"List of white Chicagoans\u2019 generally held beliefs about African Americans.\" class=\"wp-image-14101\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-808x1024.jpg 808w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-scaled-300x380.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-scaled-600x760.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-768x974.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-1212x1536.jpg 1212w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-1616x2048.jpg 1616w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/CCRR_p._25-scaled.jpg 2020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 808px) 100vw, 808px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_808491-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Chicago Commission on Race Relations: White Public Opinion<\/em>, (1920)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_808491-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text- Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration.\" class=\"wp-image-17583\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-scaled-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-scaled-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-1201x1536.jpg 1201w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-1601x2048.jpg 1601w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/CCRR-p.-10-scaled.jpg 2001w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_808491-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Chicago Commission on Race Relations: The Great Migration<\/em> (1920)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Supplementary Curriculum<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supplementary Curriculum: Race, Respectability, and Resilience<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cathleen Martin, 2018-19 Mellon Foundation-Newberry Teacher Fellow<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Essential Questions:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How have African Americans been shaped by the experience of living in the Midwest?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How have African Americans shaped the Midwestern experience?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How have the values of race, respectability and resilience shaped the African American experience in the Midwest?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How have African Americans\u2019 understandings of race, respectability and resilience helped to shape the Midwest?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Culminating Activity \/ Assessment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Students will critically analyze the documents provided and answer the document-based question (DBQ): How did the values of race, respectability and resilience both shape and inform the experiences of African Americans in the Midwest?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Content Goals<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To help students to think about the interplay and exchange between race and place in the American cultural experience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historical Thinking Goals<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>These activities help students:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Think critically about the sources historians use<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Think creatively about how to explore alternative source material<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Differentiate between historical facts and historical interpretations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Challenge arguments of historical inevitability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analyze cause and effect relationships and issues of historical causality\u2014including the importance of the individuals as a historical actor with personal agency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literacy Goals<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To get students to interact critically with primary sources<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To have students read scholarly materials with clarity and understanding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Connection to Today<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To think about how the experience of African Americans has shaped and been shaped by the Midwestern experience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historical Problems<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the history of African Americans the primary focus has been on the experiences of African American communities in the south and on the east and west coasts. As such, we have ignored (and to some extent rendered inauthentic) the experience of African Americans in the Midwest<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The resulting effect is an unbalanced analysis of \u201cthe\u201d African American experience, as well as an un-nuanced treatment of the Midwest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unit Plan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Day 1: Lesson Hook<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Have students review the case of Michael Brown. (You could either assign this investigation for homework, you could choose an article for the class to read together, or you could refer to the Wikipedia Page on the \u201cShooting of Michael Brown.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next read the article entitled \u201cRespectability Politics Won\u2019t Save the Lives of Black Americans,\u201d or any similar article about Respectability Politics and the contemporary African American experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ask students the following question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why do you think that journalists covering the police brutality against African American youths are so inclined to mention that they were \u201chonor roll students,\u201d planned to attend college and came from \u201cgood families?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Review the definition of Respectability Politics and discuss how that tendency was invoked in this case (or perhaps other cases).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You might assign students to look for counter claims in the media that attempt to indicate that Michael Brown lacked respectability and was therefore not an innocent victim of police brutality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did notions about race and resilience play out in the case of Michael Brown\u2019s shooting?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did beliefs about race and racial stereotypes play a role in this case?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways have notions about African American \u201cresilience\u201d contributed to a justification for their abuse\u2014such as, a false perception that they have a greater capacity for difficulties, abuse, or roughness and are adept at (and therefore well-suited for) handling abuse?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This conversation is a preliminary one that will help students consider some of the ideas that will be presented in the documents. Don\u2019t be concerned about the precision of these ideas\/values at this point. The conversation is merely meant to activate some of the ideas that will be presented. You might want to revisit this case\/conversation after students have completed the DBQ in order to have a more in-depth conversation about the real- world consequences of how these ideas might currently be playing out in contemporary American life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Day 2: Preparation\/Guided Practice <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Read the Introduction with the class and review the document-based question to check for their understanding. Please note: the question already includes the categories of analysis. Therefore this DBQ makes an excellent introduction to DBQs in general. Help students to understand what analytical categories are and how to marshal evidence to build a case for each of the three categories. Most of the documents will fit under more than one category, so help students to identify the categories each document might support as you review them. Emphasize the goal of providing even and equal coverage of each category and explain that students will need to make personal value judgments regarding where and how to use each document.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Have students review the first few documents in pairs. You could either ask them to write the answers to the guiding questions, that accompany the document, or review them verbally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next have students share their observations with the class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once students have solidified their analysis of the document, ask them to complete the document analysis sheet for the first document. You might want to model how to do so for the first document.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Day 3-4: Individual Practice<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Support students in completing a document analysis sheet for each document. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Document-Analysis-Sheet.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Document Analysis Sheet.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-7f9d6185-3a73-44c1-918e-8ba9715b921e\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Document-Analysis-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Document Analysis Sheet<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Document-Analysis-Sheet.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-7f9d6185-3a73-44c1-918e-8ba9715b921e\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Depending on their current skill level, they can either continue to work in pairs or as a large group. Support them until you feel that they are capable of analyzing documents on their own. You may either assign a few documents for homework and then analyze their conclusions with the general class, or you can have students work individually in class and then compare their conclusions to their partner\u2019s. Either way, continue to work on the process of document analysis until students have reviewed all of the documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Day 5-6: Organization and Writing <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Have students write out their three-pronged thesis\u2014to include race, respectability and resilience\u2014and list which documents they will use as evidence under each analytical category. If your class time is limited, students can complete this assignment for homework. Once their organizational structure is in place, ask students to write a rough draft of their essay. They should answer the following question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How were the experiences of African Americans in the Midwest shaped by race, respectability and resilience?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finish final draft for homework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Day 7: Reflection <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Wrap up the discussion. What does all of this mean? Why is it important? What will you take away from this work?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Additional Resources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Schwalm, Leslie. <em>Emancipations Diaspora: Race and Reconstruction in the Upper Midwest.<\/em> The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. xii, 387 pp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Blocker, Jack. <em>A Little More Freedom: African Americans Enter the Urban Midwest, 1860-1930.<\/em> Urban Life and Urban Landscape Series. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2009. xvii, 330pp.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16208,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[103,83,84,164],"tags":[172,169],"class_list":["post-14487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-18th-century","category-19th-century","category-20th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-african-american","tag-chicago-midwest"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/program7-scaled-e1607720301972.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14487","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14487"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14487\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24322,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14487\/revisions\/24322"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16208"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14487"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14487"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14487"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}