{"id":14497,"date":"2017-03-15T15:19:05","date_gmt":"2017-03-15T15:19:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/173.230.141.246\/dcc\/wpdemo\/?p=14497"},"modified":"2025-06-27T19:37:59","modified_gmt":"2025-06-27T19:37:59","slug":"religious-change-and-the-ottoman-empire-1450-1750","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14497","title":{"rendered":"Religious Change and the Ottoman Empire, 1450-1750"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest-lasting empires in world history, stretching across the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Northern Africa at its zenith in the sixteenth century. Many European observers of the time experienced and depicted the Ottomans as a relentless force that not only conquered former Byzantine lands, but also lay siege to Vienna in 1529 and threatened further expansion into the heart of the European continent. At the same time, powers like France, Venice, and England actively engaged the Ottomans as partners in diplomatic and commercial projects connecting Europe and the Middle East. After the second failed siege of Vienna in 1683, the Ottomans gradually began to lose territory in the eighteenth century while at the same time intensifying their political and cultural connections with European states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Going beyond the conventional image of the Turks as the Western \u201cOther,\u201d this collection of documents reveals a variety of European encounters with the Ottomans in the early modern period. Such sources show the multiple ways in which Ottomans and Europeans shaped each other\u2019s histories: as military foes as well as trading partners, as religious rivals and as well as cultural interlocutors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Essential Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did European leaders, observers, and artists perceive the rise and expansion of the Ottoman Empire?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What recurring themes emerge from the documents in this collection? What is the intended audience of these works?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the changing nature of European perceptions of \u201cthe Turks\u201d suggest about the relationship between the European states and the Ottoman Empire?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A View of the Ottoman Empire<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Ottoman state emerged in the early fourteenth century as a small but enterprising principality located on the Byzantine frontier in northwestern Anatolia. As Osman (the eponymous founder of the Ottoman dynasty) and his successors led lucrative raids and built a series of regional alliances, they assembled an impressive military force as well as an evolving administrative structure. The Byzantine and Balkan states became deeply familiar with the Ottoman state as it grew into a formidable empire by waging war, negotiating diplomatic relations (including strategic marriages), and forging a variety of local alliances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_898674\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-1024x678.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13736\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-scaled-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-1536x1016.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-2048x1355.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_898674\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nicolas Sanson, <em>Estats de l\u2019empire du Grand Seigneur des Turcs en Europe, en Asie, et en Afrique<\/em> (1692)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1453 marked a major moment in the evolution of the Ottoman state into a powerful empire. To Mehmed II, the sultan who orchestrated the unrelenting siege and eventual sack of the city, the taking of Constantinople was a crowning achievement. To many European observers of the time, it signaled the establishment of the Ottomans as a monumental threat that they had fight on every front. Indeed, over the next three centuries, European states developed several ways to reckon with the specter of \u201cthe Turks\u201d (a broad label often applied to both rulers and Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire; the Ottoman dynasty itself did not use this name in its titles).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The map in this section gives a sense of the reach of various Ottoman domains in the seventeenth century. The French cartographer Nicolas Sanson (1600-1677) went beyond the earlier European depictions of the Ottoman Empire by providing an influential new perspective. Sanson not only clearly demarcated Ottoman borders in different colors, but he also subdivided the imperial domains by continents, helping shape new geopolitical terms like Turkey-in-Europe and Turkey-in-Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examine the map\u2019s depiction of Ottoman domains. What features are emphasized in the map?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the territorial reach of the Ottoman Empire across three continents suggest about its political importance?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the potential audiences and purposes for this map?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Early Encounters <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alarmed by the fall of Constantinople, Pope Pius II (1405-1464) composed a long letter to sultan Mehmed II (1432-1481). While styled as a missive addressed to \u201cthe illustrious prince of the Turks,\u201d this document from 1461 was more of a theological treatise on Christianity and Islam than a conventional letter between two dignitaries. Throughout the letter, Pope Pius II urged Mehmed II to abandon Islam and convert to Christianity, pointing to \u201cthe errors of Muhammed\u2019s teachings\u201d and extoling the superiority of the Christian faith. Given the high likelihood that Mehmed II never read this letter (and the fact that he never converted), the content of this papal document continues to invite questions about its purpose, style, and appeal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_182253\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Pope Pius II, <em>Pius episcopus seruus seruorum dei illustri mahumeti principi turchorum timorem diuini nominis et amorem<\/em> (1462-1470).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"736\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13750\" data-id=\"13750\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-736x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-736x1024.jpg 736w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-scaled-300x417.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-scaled-600x835.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-768x1069.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-1104x1536.jpg 1104w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-1472x2048.jpg 1472w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-scaled.jpg 1840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Pope Pius II, Pius episcopus seruus seruorum dei illustri mahumeti principi turchorum timorem diuini nominis et amorem, folio 01r (1462-1470)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17468\" data-id=\"17468\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-709x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-709x1024.jpg 709w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-scaled-300x433.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-scaled-600x867.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-768x1109.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-1063x1536.jpg 1063w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-1418x2048.jpg 1418w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_ms_133_folio_65r-scaled.jpg 1772w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Pope Pius II, Pius episcopus seruus seruorum dei illustri mahumeti principi turchorum timorem diuini nominis et amorem, folio 65r (1462-1470)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The continuing Ottoman advances spurred other Catholic bishops to issue calls for a renewed crusade against the Turks. During the brief Ottoman occupation of Otranto in southern Italy in 1480, many clergy across Europe preached sermons and issued indulgences in order to recruit soldiers and collect money for a war against the Turks. While not as popular as the earlier crusades, these efforts nonetheless mobilized a number of important European religious and lay figures. A 1480 letter of indulgence, issued by the noted theologian Angelo Carletti da Chivasso, absolved a Florentine citizen of his sins in exchange for a contribution in a war against the Ottomans, commonly depicted as \u201cbarbarians,\u201d \u201cScythians,\u201d or, in this document, \u201cTrojans seizing the shores of Italy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_182887\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"709\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-1024x709.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13751\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-1024x709.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-scaled-600x415.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-768x532.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-1536x1063.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-2048x1418.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_182887\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Father Angelo Carletti da Chivasso, Indulgence letter (undated)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What kinds of arguments did Pope Pius II advance in his letter to sultan Mehmed II? What could be some intended and assumed audiences for this appeal?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kinds of terms do the two documents use to refer to the Ottomans? How did the Ottoman conquests of the fifteenth century shape religious life in Europe?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Worlds of Captivity &amp; Slavery <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Ottoman sultans directed new military campaigns in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, they seized not only land, but also tens of thousands of mostly Christian captives across the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe. These men, women, and children were taken into the Ottoman society in a wide variety of ways. Many were sent to cities like Istanbul as domestic servants and concubines; others worked as masons, weavers, scribes, translators, or musicians; others still were sent to farms and mines as laborers. Across the Mediterranean, many captives were kept as galley slaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_400133\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"698\" height=\"808\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13737\" style=\"width:272px;height:315px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1.jpg 698w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1-300x347.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1-600x695.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1-259x300.jpg 259w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_400133\" target=\"_blank\">Georgius de Hungaria, <em>Tractatus de ritu moribus, nequitia et multiplicatione Turcorum<\/em> (1500)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frequent trade, religious conversion, ransom exchanges, manumission, and escapes meant that many captives crossed Ottoman-European boundaries. The first item below presents a glimpse into these intertwined histories. When the Ottoman army conquered southern Transylvania in 1438, they captured a young man who came to be known as Georgius of Hungary (1422-1502). Georgius spent some twenty years as a slave in the Ottoman Empire, serving several Muslim masters in different roles before finally making a successful escape in 1458, eventually settling in Rome. His much-cited book provided Europeans with new information about Ottoman social and especially religious life. Georgius of Hungary stressed the dangers of conversion to Islam, a religion that he appears to have studied closely through his everyday interactions with Muslim merchants, dervishes, and urban dwellers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In border areas like Hungary and especially in the Mediterranean, European and Ottoman actors continued to engage in slavery and prisoner-of-war exchanges throughout the early modern period. Venetian, French, Spanish, and other Western European ships often captured, enslaved, and traded Muslim captives across the Mediterranean. For example, a series of Spanish letters from the 1720s and 1730s shows the discussions between the Spanish royal and naval officials regarding some thirty to fifty \u201cMoorish and Turkish\u201d captives. The document below discusses the sale of some Muslim slaves while considering others for ongoing ransom exchanges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_171799\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Letter concerning Muslim and Turkish Prisoners (1727-1737).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"732\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13738\" data-id=\"13738\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-732x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-732x1024.jpg 732w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-scaled-300x420.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-scaled-600x839.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-768x1075.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-1098x1536.jpg 1098w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-1464x2048.jpg 1464w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-scaled.jpg 1830w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Juan Joseph Sereno and Juan Antonio de Sope\u00f1a, Official letters concerning Muslim and Turkish prisoners on Spanish galleys, letter 4 page 1 (1727-1737)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"784\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17478\" data-id=\"17478\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-784x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-784x1024.jpg 784w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-scaled-300x392.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-scaled-600x783.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-768x1002.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-1177x1536.jpg 1177w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-1569x2048.jpg 1569w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_02_o2-scaled.jpg 1961w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Juan Joseph Sereno and Juan Antonio de Sope\u00f1a, Official letters concerning Muslim and Turkish prisoners on Spanish galleys, letter 4 page 2 (1727-1737)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"754\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17479\" data-id=\"17479\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-754x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-754x1024.jpg 754w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-scaled-300x408.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-scaled-600x815.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-768x1043.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-1131x1536.jpg 1131w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-1508x2048.jpg 1508w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_03_o2-scaled.jpg 1884w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Juan Joseph Sereno and Juan Antonio de Sope\u00f1a, Official letters concerning Muslim and Turkish prisoners on Spanish galleys, letter 4 page 3 (1727-1737)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Ottoman Empire, European Christian captives were sometimes freed through diplomatic negotiations and redemption campaigns by religious orders. In the third document, the Trinitarian religious order published a list of Christian prisoners redeemed from captivity in Constantinople, Thessaloniki, Smyrna, and other Ottoman cities in 1740 (shortly after the conclusion of a major Habsburg-Ottoman war). The list shows the names, ages, home regions, duration of captivity, and ransom amount paid to the Ottomans. Europeans of prominent rank, such as army commanders or court officials, were prime candidates for such rescue missions; this list also names the women and children included in this campaign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_107426\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Antonius ab Angelis, <em>Catalogo de\u2019 schiavi cristiani <\/em>(1741).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-autoplay=\"true\" data-delay=\"3\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"821\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17467\" data-id=\"17467\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-821x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-821x1024.jpg 821w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-scaled-300x374.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-scaled-600x749.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-241x300.jpg 241w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-768x958.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-1231x1536.jpg 1231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-1642x2048.jpg 1642w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 821px) 100vw, 821px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Antonius ab Angelis, Catalogo de Schiavi Cristiani, title page (1741)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13739\" data-id=\"13739\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-819x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-819x1024.jpg 819w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-scaled-300x375.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-scaled-600x750.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-768x960.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-1229x1536.jpg 1229w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-1638x2048.jpg 1638w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/wing_zp_735_z31_fc-scaled.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Antonius ab Angelis, Catalogo de Schiavi Cristiani, front cover (1741)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"655\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17466\" data-id=\"17466\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_22_23-1024x655.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_22_23-1024x655.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_22_23-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_22_23-scaled-600x384.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_22_23-768x491.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_22_23-1536x982.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_22_23-2048x1310.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Antonius ab Angelis, Catalogo de Schiavi Cristiani, 22-23 (1741)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17465\" data-id=\"17465\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_14_15-1024x660.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_14_15-1024x660.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_14_15-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_14_15-scaled-600x387.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_14_15-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_14_15-1536x991.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_pg_14_15-2048x1321.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Antonius ab Angelis, Catalogo de Schiavi Cristiani, 14-15 (1741)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What terms does Georgius of Hungary use to depict the Ottoman Empire in the title of his book? What kind of information would Georgius have been to relate to European audiences?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kinds of experiences, stories, and knowledge did captives bring with them as they crisscrossed European and Ottoman domains?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examine the list of captives from 1740. Are there any patterns that you notice as you look at the names, ages, and ransom amounts on this list?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Depicting the Ottomans <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the Renaissance, many European writers, painters, and intellectuals became keenly interested in documenting the contemporary affairs and the longer history of the Ottoman Empire. Two items below present some common themes in European depictions of the Ottomans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_200694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Johannes Adelphus, <em>Die t\u00fcrckisch Chronica von irem Ursprung Anefang und Regiment<\/em> (1513).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"712\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13752\" data-id=\"13752\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-712x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-712x1024.jpg 712w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-scaled-300x432.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-scaled-600x863.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-768x1105.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-1068x1536.jpg 1068w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-1423x2048.jpg 1423w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-scaled.jpg 1779w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Johannes Adelphus, Die tu\u0308rckisch Chronica von irem Ursprung Anefang und Regiment, title page (1513)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"924\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17473\" data-id=\"17473\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v_detail-1024x924.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v_detail-1024x924.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v_detail-300x271.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v_detail-scaled-600x542.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v_detail-768x693.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v_detail-1536x1387.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v_detail-2048x1849.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Johannes Adelphus, Die tu\u0308rckisch Chronica von irem Ursprung Anefang und Regiment, Signature Hv2 detail (1513)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"764\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17472\" data-id=\"17472\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v-1024x764.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v-1024x764.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v-scaled-600x448.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v-1536x1146.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_016_sig_h2v-2048x1528.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Johannes Adelphus, Die tu\u0308rckisch Chronica von irem Ursprung Anefang und Regiment, Signature Hv2-Hv3 (1513)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The advancement of the Ottoman armies into Central Europe and the Mediterranean meant that most Europeans usually associated the Turks with war, violence, and conquest. In the first document below, the German physician and chronicler Johannes Adelphus depicted in 1513 the Ottomans primarily as a military force marching on horses or attacking islands with their navy. In other woodcuts, Adelphus also highlighted diplomatic negotiations carried out by Ottoman and Venetian officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_232948\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Pietro Bertelli, <em>Vite degl\u2019imperatori de Turchi con le loro effiggie intalgiate in Rame <\/em>(1599).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"705\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17474\" data-id=\"17474\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-705x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-705x1024.jpg 705w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-scaled-300x436.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-scaled-600x871.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-768x1115.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-1058x1536.jpg 1058w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-1410x2048.jpg 1410w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-scaled.jpg 1763w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Pietro Bertelli, Vite degl\u2019imperatori de Turchi con le loro effiggie intalgiate in Rame, opposite page 1 (1599)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17464\" data-id=\"17464\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-683x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-scaled-300x450.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-scaled-600x899.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-768x1151.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-1025x1536.jpg 1025w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-1366x2048.jpg 1366w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_054-scaled.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Pietro Bertelli, Vite degl\u2019imperatori de Turchi con le loro effiggie intalgiate in Rame, opposite page 54 (1599)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17463\" data-id=\"17463\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-680x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-680x1024.jpg 680w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-scaled-300x452.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-scaled-600x904.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-768x1157.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-1019x1536.jpg 1019w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-1359x2048.jpg 1359w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_43-scaled.jpg 1699w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Pietro Bertelli, Vite degl\u2019imperatori de Turchi con le loro effiggie intalgiate in Rame, opposite page 43 (1599)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13740\" data-id=\"13740\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-733x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-scaled-300x419.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-scaled-600x838.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-768x1073.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-1100x1536.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-1466x2048.jpg 1466w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_091_pg_03-scaled.jpg 1833w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Pietro Bertelli, Vite degl\u2019imperatori de Turchi con le loro effiggie intalgiate in Rame, 3 (1599)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other works capitalized on the growing European interest in the lives of Ottoman sultans by providing genealogies of the Ottoman dynasty and visual depictions of individual rulers. In the second item, the Italian artist and writer Pietro Bertelli (ca. 1571-1621) composed biographies and full-page portraits of fifteen Ottoman sultans, from Osman, the founder of the Ottoman dynasty, to Mehmed III (1522-1603).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What kinds of imagery does Adelphus use in his depiction of the Ottomans?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the sultans appear in Bertelli\u2019s portrait? What aspects are emphasized? What is the overall frame or mood of these portraits?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do these depictions reflect the interests of the European artists and audiences?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&#8220;The Turks&#8221; in Fiction and Fact<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Building on these long histories of European-Ottoman interaction, many writers in Austria, Italy, France, and England incorporated a variety of \u201cTurkish\u201d characters into their histories, plays, operas, and novels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_583351\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-1024x853.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13753\" style=\"width:620px;height:517px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-1024x853.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-scaled-600x500.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-768x640.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-1536x1279.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-2048x1706.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_583351\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Francis Osborne, <em>Politicall Reflections upon the Government of the Turks<\/em>, 46-47 (1565)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many commentators in early modern England, for example, used and sometimes invented examples from Ottoman history to advance their own political causes or criticize opposing viewpoints. In the first item below, essayist Francis Osborne used (and misrepresented) aspects of the Ottoman court to make an argument in favor of meritocracy while criticizing governments in Europe, \u201cwhere men ascend to the highest places by the mediation of Friends and Money, rather than any advantage their worth brings to the Commonwealth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_775705\" target=\"_blank\">Selection: Thomas Warmstry, <em>The Baptized Turk, or, A narrative of the happy conversion of Signior Rigep Dandulo<\/em> (1658).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"789\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13741\" data-id=\"13741\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-1024x789.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-1024x789.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-scaled-600x462.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-768x592.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-1536x1184.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-2048x1579.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Thomas Warmstry, The baptized Turk, or, A narrative of the happy conversion of Signior Rigep Dandulo, title page and frontispiece (1658)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17471\" data-id=\"17471\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132-723x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132-723x1024.jpg 723w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132-300x425.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132-600x850.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132-768x1088.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132-1084x1536.jpg 1084w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132-1445x2048.jpg 1445w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_c_6526_9546_132.jpg 1764w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Thomas Warmstry, The baptized Turk, or, A narrative of the happy conversion of Signior Rigep Dandulo, 132 (1658)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other English writers spent considerable time debating the conversion of the Turks to Christianity and warning against the dangers of Christians converting to Islam. In the second item below, minister Thomas Warmstry focused on the conversion of one Ottoman Muslim merchant (an event that reportedly occurred in London in 1657) to highlight the advantages of the Anglican faith over its other Christian rivals, an argument that he suggested as relevant for \u201cthe conversion of Jews, Turks, Heathens, and others.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In France, Madame de Gomez (n\u00e9e Poisson, 1684-1770) deftly used real events from Ottoman history as a stage for elaborating numerous romantic and dramatic stories. In her interpretation of the reign of sultan Osman II, presented in the third source below, Gomez repeatedly highlighted the power that Ottoman royal women\u2014like the famous queen mother K\u00f6sem (1589-1651)\u2014exercised over political affairs. As the preface to the English translation states, Gomez\u2019s work \u201cmay be called A real history of facts, set off with all the ornaments of a romance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_458586\/Gomez.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection: Madame de Gomez, <em>The Life of Osman the Great, Emperor of the Turks<\/em> (1735).<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-13742\" data-id=\"13742\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-610x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-610x1024.jpg 610w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-300x503.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-600x1007.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-179x300.jpg 179w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-768x1289.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-915x1536.jpg 915w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-1221x2048.jpg 1221w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp.jpg 1490w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Madame de Gomez, The life of Osman the Great, Emperor of the Turks, title page (1537)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"598\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17469\" data-id=\"17469\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01-598x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01-598x1024.jpg 598w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01-300x513.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01-600x1027.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01-175x300.jpg 175w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01-768x1314.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01-898x1536.jpg 898w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01-1197x2048.jpg 1197w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_y_1565_g5965_pg_01.jpg 1461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Madame de Gomez, The life of Osman the Great, Emperor of the Turks, 1 (1537)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"833\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-17470\" data-id=\"17470\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gomez-1024x833.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gomez-1024x833.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gomez-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gomez-scaled-600x488.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gomez-768x624.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gomez-1536x1249.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gomez-2048x1665.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Madame de Gomez, The life of Osman the Great, Emperor of the Turks, 2-3 (1537)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions to Consider:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What historical experiences, stories, and perceptions could European authors draw on in order to create new \u201cTurkish\u201d characters in their works?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What political and religious overtones can you detect in the writings of Osborne and Warmstry? How did these English authors use examples from Turkish or Ottoman history?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the preface to Madame de Gomez describe the Ottoman queen-mother K\u00f6sem? What does K\u00f6sem\u2019s fame as \u201cone of the most politick and enterprising Women of the Age she lived in, and perhaps any since\u201d suggest about Gomez\u2019s interest in telling this story?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Religious Identity <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These sources show the multiple ways in which Ottomans and Europeans shaped each other as religious rivals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_182887\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"709\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-1024x709.jpg\" alt=\"Letter of indulgence, dated April 25, 1481 at the Franciscan abbey in Florence, granted in accordance with the bull of Pope Sixtus IV, to Lorenzo Matteo Morelli for absolution of his sins, by Franciscan father Angelo Carletti da Chivasso, vicar general.\" class=\"wp-image-13751\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-1024x709.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-scaled-600x415.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-768x532.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-1536x1063.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_150_01-2048x1418.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_182887\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Father Angelo Carletti da Chivasso, Indulgence letter (undated)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_182253\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"736\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-736x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Colorful and decorative Papal letter to Sultan Mehmed II.\" class=\"wp-image-13750\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-736x1024.jpg 736w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-scaled-300x417.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-scaled-600x835.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-768x1069.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-1104x1536.jpg 1104w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-1472x2048.jpg 1472w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-scaled.jpg 1840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_182253\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pope Pius II,<em> Pius episcopus seruus seruorum dei illustri mahumeti principi turchorum timorem diuini nominis et amorem<\/em>, folio 01r (1462-1470)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_775705\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"789\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-1024x789.jpg\" alt=\"Thomas Warmstry, The baptized Turk, or, A narrative of the happy conversion of Signior Rigep Dandulo, title page and frontispiece of a man with headdress. \" class=\"wp-image-13741\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-1024x789.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-scaled-600x462.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-768x592.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-1536x1184.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis-2048x1579.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_775705\/case_c_6526_9546_tp_frontis.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Baptized Turk<\/em>, title page and frontispiece (1658)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Law and Power <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The territorial reach of the Ottoman Empire across three continents suggests its political importance. These sources show the evolution of the Ottoman state into a powerful empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-1024x678.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the Turks in Europe, Asia, and in Africa. \" class=\"wp-image-13736\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-scaled-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-1536x1016.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ayer_135_S19_1692_oversize_Vault_Estats_de_LEmpire_du_Grand_Seigneur_des_Turcs-2048x1355.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_898674\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nicolas Sanson, <em>Estats de l\u2019empire du Grand Seigneur des Turcs en Europe, en Asie, et en Afrique<\/em> (1692)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_583351\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-1024x853.jpg\" alt=\"Two pages of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13753\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-1024x853.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-scaled-600x500.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-768x640.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-1536x1279.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_016_64_pg_46_47-2048x1706.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_583351\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Francis Osborne, <em>Politicall Reflections upon the Government of the Turks<\/em>, 46-47 (1565)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_458586\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-610x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-13742\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-610x1024.jpg 610w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-300x503.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-600x1007.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-179x300.jpg 179w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-768x1289.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-915x1536.jpg 915w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp-1221x2048.jpg 1221w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp.jpg 1490w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_458586\/case_y_1565_g5965_tp.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Madame de Gomez, <em>The life of Osman the Great, Emperor of the Turks<\/em>, title page (1537)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Encounter and Exchange <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Powers like France, Venice, and England actively engaged the Ottomans as partners in diplomatic and commercial projects connecting Europe and the Middle East.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_171799\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"732\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-732x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Official handwritten letters, dated in Madrid between Feb.\u00a010, 1727-Jan.\u00a09, 1737, concerning the procurement of Turkish and Moro slaves for work in Spanish galleys.\" class=\"wp-image-13738\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-732x1024.jpg 732w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-scaled-300x420.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-scaled-600x839.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-768x1075.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-1098x1536.jpg 1098w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-1464x2048.jpg 1464w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ayer_ms_2179_no_04_01-scaled.jpg 1830w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_171799\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Juan Joseph Sereno and Juan Antonio de Sope\u00f1a, Official letters concerning Muslim and Turkish prisoners on Spanish galleys<\/em>, (1727-1737)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_232948\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"705\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-705x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Ottoman man dressed in traditional clothing. \" class=\"wp-image-17474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-705x1024.jpg 705w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-scaled-300x436.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-scaled-600x871.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-768x1115.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-1058x1536.jpg 1058w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-1410x2048.jpg 1410w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01-scaled.jpg 1763w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_232948\/case_f_59_091_opp_pg_01.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pietro Bertelli, Vite <em>degl\u2019imperatori de Turchi con le loro effiggie intalgiate in Rame<\/em>, 1 (1599)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_200694\/case_f_59_016_tp.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"712\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-712x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Image of men holding spears on horses. \" class=\"wp-image-13752\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-712x1024.jpg 712w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-scaled-300x432.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-scaled-600x863.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-768x1105.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-1068x1536.jpg 1068w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-1423x2048.jpg 1423w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/case_f_59_016_tp-scaled.jpg 1779w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_200694\/case_f_59_016_tp.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Johannes Adelphus, <em>Die tu\u0308rckisch Chronica von irem Ursprung Anefang und Regiment<\/em>, title page (1513)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_400133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"698\" height=\"808\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1.jpg\" alt=\"Printed text. \" class=\"wp-image-13737\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1.jpg 698w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1-300x347.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1-600x695.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/C1-tractatus-1-259x300.jpg 259w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_400133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Georgius de Hungaria,<em> Tractatus de ritu moribus, nequitia et multiplicatione Turcorum<\/em> (1500)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_107426\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"821\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-821x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Title page of text. \" class=\"wp-image-17467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-821x1024.jpg 821w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-scaled-300x374.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-scaled-600x749.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-241x300.jpg 241w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-768x958.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-1231x1536.jpg 1231w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp-1642x2048.jpg 1642w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 821px) 100vw, 821px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/nby_107426\/wing_zp_735_z31_tp.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Antonius ab Angelis, <em>Catalogo de Schiavi Cristiani,<\/em> title page (1741)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Palmira Brummett, Mapping the Ottomans: Sovereignty, Territory, and Identity in the Early Modern Mediterranean. Cambridge University Press, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Margaret Meserve, Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought. Harvard University Press, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00e9za D\u00e1vid and P\u00e1l Fodor, eds., Ransom Slavery along the Ottoman Borders (Early Fifteenth &#8211; Early Eighteenth Centuries). Leiden: Brill, 2007.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What did the rise and expansion of the Ottoman Empire look like in the eyes of European observers? How did the Ottomans shape the political and religious history of early modern Europe?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14880,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[93,94,89,103,164],"tags":[168,174],"class_list":["post-14497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-15th-century","category-16th-century","category-17th-century","category-18th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-literature","tag-politics-government"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/case_ms_133_folio_01r-scaled-e1602516637554.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14497"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14497\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24342,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14497\/revisions\/24342"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14880"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}