{"id":16464,"date":"2021-01-27T13:35:50","date_gmt":"2021-01-27T13:35:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=16464"},"modified":"2024-08-28T17:02:11","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T17:02:11","slug":"copy-3-copy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=16464","title":{"rendered":"Leisure and Entertainment in the Early Twentieth Century"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Having fun and enjoying \u201ctime off\u201d is in our DNA, but how we spend our leisure time and seek entertainment has changed dramatically over the past century. Before the late nineteenth century, leisure and entertainment opportunities catered primarily to the affluent, who had both the income and lifestyle to partake in leisure activities. However, a cultural shift was on the horizon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"730\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-1024x730.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white photograph of a Ferris Wheel through some trees. A decorative cannon sits on the grass in the foreground\" class=\"wp-image-16352\" style=\"width:359px;height:256px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-1024x730.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-scaled-600x428.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-1536x1095.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-2048x1460.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-140x100.jpg 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Ferris Wheel in Lincoln Park&#8221; (1901)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The early twentieth century was both an exciting and anxious time in the United States. The Industrial Revolution, the New Deal, and changes in labor laws, like the standardized work week, had a profound impact on US workers and leisure patterns in the early twentieth century. The workforce grew as city populations grew exponentially, with the influx of immigrants and the migration of African Americans during the Great Migration. A greater number of people had more time away from work and, for the first time, were able take part in leisure activities. People now had more free time for socializing and spending time with family, as well as resting from the hustle and bustle of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_JustForFun-1024x978.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"978\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_JustForFun-1024x978.jpg\" alt=\"Round advertisement for Riverview Park. Red text on a white background reads &quot;Riverview Park; 'Just for Fun.'&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-16340\" style=\"width:301px;height:287px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_JustForFun-1024x978.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_JustForFun-300x286.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_JustForFun-scaled-600x573.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_JustForFun-768x733.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_JustForFun-1536x1466.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_JustForFun-2048x1955.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_JustForFun-1024x978.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Just for Fun,&#8221; Riverview (c. 1940-1956)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to social and cultural changes, a growing and prospering middle class enjoyed innovations and technological advancements. For the first time, people now had more disposable income than their ancestors and found themselves eager to participate in and seek out more leisure activities. The upper class had both the time and money to indulge in the leisure activities that focused on prestige, such as charity balls. There was also a growing middle class that could enjoy time away from work and participate in social clubs and recreational activities. Although members of the middle and upper class were relishing their free time, this was not true for all, especially the working class that was still plagued by low wages and long hours. Many factory workers were still working a sixty-hour work week, and their leisure activities were limited to more local destinations and more affordable communal activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">New forms of entertainment were heavily publicized and sought out. Both the 1893 and 1933 World\u2019s Fairs brought new ideas and technology that were designed to improve daily life. Newspapers and advertisements of coming attractions encouraged people of all social classes to seek out new entertainment opportunities near and far. Greater mobility, transportation, and the creation of new roads and highways not only made it easier to travel to but also served as the locations for new leisure and entertainment activities. New highways, railroads, and trolley lines allowed people to escape the congestion or modernity of their daily life or hometown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1024x729.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"729\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1024x729.jpg\" alt=\"Color photograph of a carousal at night, with a crowd of people in front.\" class=\"wp-image-16342\" style=\"width:378px;height:268px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1024x729.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-scaled-600x427.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1536x1094.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-2048x1458.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-140x100.jpg 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1024x729.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Carousel ride at Riverview Park (ca. 1940-1956)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amusement parks, circuses, and zoos are just three of the many casual leisure options that offered collective experiences to a greater public in this new era. These communal activities were the great equalizer, enjoyed by all socio-economic levels. The following documents explore the various types of leisure and entertainment activities that were shaped by advances in technology, mobility, and population growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Please consider the following questions as you review the documents:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In your own life, how have advancements in technology effected the types of leisure and entertainment activities you enjoy?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What influence did transportation have on leisure opportunities in the early twentieth century?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why would population growth have an impact on how people wanted to spend their free time?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What types of publicity were used to promote amusement parks, circuses, and zoos? Would they attract the same visitors? &nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What effect did a change in leisure patterns have on employment opportunities?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Buckle Up and Enjoy the Ride<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the early twentieth century, technological advances, especially the availability of electricity, influenced the type of leisure activities that were available. Amusement parks benefited from this increased availability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-1024x843.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"843\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-1024x843.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white photograph of rides at Riverview Park. In the foregroudn is a ride with toy cars on a track. In the rear are signs for the &quot;Rotor&quot; ride.\" class=\"wp-image-16341\" style=\"width:359px;height:295px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-1024x843.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-300x247.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-scaled-600x494.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-768x632.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-1536x1264.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-2048x1686.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ride_Rotor-1024x843.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The &#8220;Rotor&#8221; ride at Riverview Park (ca. 1940-1956)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The amusement park\u2019s evolution can be traced back to Europe and the traveling fair pleasure gardens. In the United States, amusement parks evolved from Europe\u2019s traveling fair and pleasure gardens. Early amusement parks were not \u201ctheme\u201d oriented, as we often see today. These early parks focused on rides, shows, and concessions. These three aspects of the amusement park can all be traced back to the 1893 World\u2019s Columbian Exposition. The Exposition brought visitors from around the world to Chicago and the Midway provided the sights, smells, rides, and sounds of what we think of when we think of the amusement park of today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma992903398805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"396\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686-396x1024.png\" alt=\"Newspaper advertisement for Joyland Park\" class=\"wp-image-16343\" style=\"width:111px;height:287px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686-396x1024.png 396w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686-300x776.png 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686-116x300.png 116w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686.png 464w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma992903398805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Joyland Park, <em>Chicago Defender <\/em>(1923)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the early twentieth century, Chicago was a leader in the amusement park industry, boasting several parks throughout the city. The Ferris wheel that was first introduced at the Exposition was located in Lincoln Park from 1896-1903. On the South Side, there was White City in Woodlawn, and on the North side, Luna Park. Although these amusement parks were open to the public, they were not always welcome to all visitors, including African Americans. Recognizing larger amusement parks were racially segregated, South Side Chicago attorney Augustus L. Williams, Virgil Williams, editor Robert S. Abbott, and <em>Broad Ax<\/em> newspaper editor Julius Taylor established the first Black-owned and -operated amusement park, Joyland Park, in 1923. Located at 33rd and Wabash, the park offered African Americans the amusement park experience with rides, shows, and games in the rapidly growing Bronzeville neighborhood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-718x1024.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"718\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-718x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Color photograph of &quot;The Bobs&quot; ride sign. &quot;Bobs&quot; is written in white in all capitals, which an oranage line curving up and down between each letter. The letters and line have lightbulbs in them to illuminate them at night.\" class=\"wp-image-16339\" style=\"width:430px;height:613px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-718x1024.jpg 718w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-scaled-300x428.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-scaled-600x856.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-768x1096.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-1076x1536.jpg 1076w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-1435x2048.jpg 1435w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-scaled.jpg 1794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-718x1024.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;The Bobs&#8221; ride at Riverview Park (c. 1940-1956)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the most famous and largest amusement parks in the city was Riverview, located on the North Side of the city at the intersections of Roscoe, Belmont, and Western Avenues. Opened in 1904, it was once known as Sharpshooter Park, used by veterans of the Franco-Prussian war for rifle practice range. [1] It then slowly developed from picnic grounds to a six-acre park with three rides and eventually 140 acres with 100 rides becoming one of Chicago\u2019s largest and longest running amusement parks. The park was one of the first to combine nature with rides. Advancements in technology offered new and exciting attractions including the first suspended roller coaster in 1908 and the parachute ride in 1936. The Rotor ride used centrifugal force, so that riders would stick to the wall as the floor beneath them dropped. One of the most famous attractions at the park was the \u201cBobs\u201d wooden rollercoaster. Electricity not only added to the types of rides and activities offered at the park, it also allowed the coaster to operate well into the evening hours, offering brightly lit rides that pierced the night sky. To keep the crowds thrilled and returning, Riverview would host various groups and theme days, like the 1967 United Steel Workers \u201cPhillip Murray Day,\u201d and introduced a new ride each year. But this was not enough to keep the park open. The development of the national highway system had a deep impact on suburban sprawl and the ability to travel beyond the city limits for new adventures. The newly completed Northwest Tollway offered access to theme parks that began to pop up in outlying areas, such as Santa\u2019s Village in East Dundee, Illinois. After its sixty-fourth season, Riverview closed its doors for good.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Selections: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ticket2_Front_usethis-1024x784.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Riverview Park tickets, mid-20th century<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"657\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Ticket advertising Phillip Murray Day at Riverview Park\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16338\" data-id=\"16338\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-657x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-657x1024.jpg 657w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-scaled-300x467.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-scaled-600x935.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-768x1197.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-986x1536.jpg 986w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-1314x2048.jpg 1314w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Front-scaled.jpg 1643w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 657px) 100vw, 657px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Phillip Murray Day Ticket, Front (1967)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"652\" alt=\"Ticket describing rides available on Phillip Murry Day\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16337\" data-id=\"16337\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Back-1024x652.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Back-1024x652.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Back-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Back-scaled-600x382.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Back-768x489.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Back-1536x978.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket_Back-2048x1304.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Phillip Murry Day Ticket, Back (1967)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"784\" alt=\"Printed ticket offering access to four rides: Comet, Tilt-A-Whirl, Miniatrue Railway, and Merry-Go-Round\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16336\" data-id=\"16336\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket2_Front_usethis-1024x784.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket2_Front_usethis-1024x784.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket2_Front_usethis-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket2_Front_usethis-scaled-600x460.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ticket2_Front_usethis-768x588.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Riverview Park Ticket (No Date)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do you think the availability of electricity was a major factor in the development of the amusement park?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What impact do you think Joyland Park had on the Bronzeville neighborhood?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How are the amusement and theme parks of today similar or different than Riverview?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If you could create your own amusement park, what would be its feature attraction? How would you promote the park?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mini trains were attractions at both Riverview and Santa\u2019s Village. Why were trains so appealing, then and now?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-santas-village\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"647\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-1024x647.jpg\" alt=\"Postcard photograph of a miniature train. A man dressed as Santa sits in the first car, while all the others are filled with White children, waving.\" class=\"wp-image-16335\" style=\"width:529px;height:334px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-1024x647.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-scaled-600x379.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-768x486.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-1536x971.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-2048x1295.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-santas-village\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Santa&#8217;s Village (c. 1950-1959)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step Right Up\u2026.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma991948298805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"734\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-1024x734.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white map of the continental United States showing the route of the RBBB Circus in black.\" class=\"wp-image-16350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-1024x734.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-scaled-600x430.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-768x550.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-1536x1101.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-2048x1468.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-140x100.jpg 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma991948298805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">RBBB Circus Route Map (1922)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-1024x630.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white photo of a derailed train, with people standing around.\" class=\"wp-image-16348\" style=\"width:310px;height:190px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-1024x630.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-scaled-600x369.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-768x472.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-1536x945.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-2048x1260.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Al G. Barnes Train Accident (1930)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although not an American creation, the circus as we know it today is steeped in the American tradition, offering a bit of vaudeville, athleticism, and imagination. P.T. Barnum and James A. Bailey popularized the expression, \u201cThe greatest show on earth,\u201d to describe the American circus. An important contribution to the success of the circus entertainment industry was the railroad. With the improvement in rail service in the late nineteenth century, this was the means of transport for almost all circuses large and small. As transportation options moved from wagon to rail, the American circus brought entertainment to the masses and could reach new audiences far beyond the major cities. Travel by rail also offered a schedule, with set dates and locations making stops at towns that dotted the rail line. Circuses would travel and perform throughout the country as illustrated on this map of the 1930 tenting season of the Ringling Brother Barnum and Baily Circus. Circuses traveled at night, enabling them to arrive early in the morning at their destination. Although traveling by rail was more efficient and allowed the circus to perform an extensive number of dates, train wrecks were not uncommon, as exemplified by the aftermath of the Al G. Barnes train that derailed on July 20, 1930 on their way from Newcastle to Charlottetown. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-1141862\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"358\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-358x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Poster advertising the Cristiani-Wallace Bros. Circus. White type on a blue background displays the name at the top. Under this is a color painting of a white woman in red leotard and tutu standing on top of a horse.\" class=\"wp-image-16347\" style=\"width:140px;height:494px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-358x1024.jpg 358w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-scaled-300x859.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-scaled-600x1718.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-105x300.jpg 105w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-715x2048.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-scaled.jpg 894w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 358px) 100vw, 358px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-1141862\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cristiani-Wallace Bros. Circus Poster (c. 1950)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Circuses were competitive. The circus\u2019 \u201cadvance\u201d man or team was sent ahead of the circus to publicize and drum up business in town to ensure a full house. Colorful show bills and heralds (similar to posters) placed strategically along the circus route and in town would broadcast the circus\u2019 arrival. Many print shops catered exclusively to circuses producing posters as well as their programs, route cards, and other transitory documents meant to be thrown away after one use, called \u201cephemera\u201d by scholars.&nbsp; Posters like this one promoting the Cristiani Wallace Circus were placed on barns and farm wagons. The printing industry and the circus have a long history, many printing firms can trace their early beginnings to creating ephemera for the circus industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829-mix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-618x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Card advertising Tom Mix Circus. Color drawing of circus tent at the top, with lists of dates and cities below.\" class=\"wp-image-16332\" style=\"width:180px;height:298px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-618x1024.jpg 618w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-scaled-300x497.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-scaled-600x994.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-181x300.jpg 181w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-768x1272.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-927x1536.jpg 927w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-1236x2048.jpg 1236w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-scaled.jpg 1545w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829-mix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tom Mix Circus Route Card (1938)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The individual route of a circus determined its financial success. Route cards were miniature ad campaigns for the circus, fostering excitement and anticipation in towns they were to perform.&nbsp;To promote their arrival, circuses published touring schedules by distributing route cards that listed the dates and location of each performance. Many times, performing only one night (or in circus lingo, \u201cstand\u201d), at any given location, as shown on the Tom Mix Circus route card pictured in the Introduction. The circus traveled more than 6,000 miles, during their 1938 season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Selection: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829-wpa\/WPA_RouteCard_Exterior-1024x834.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">WPA route card, 1937-1938<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"834\" alt=\"Exterior of a four-page pamphlet advertising the WPA's circus\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16328\" data-id=\"16328\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Exterior-1024x834.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Exterior-1024x834.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Exterior-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Exterior-scaled-600x488.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Exterior-768x625.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Exterior-1536x1251.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Exterior-2048x1667.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">WPA Route Card, Exterior (1937-1938)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"831\" alt=\"Interior of a four-page pamphlet describing the route for the 1937-38 season of the WPA circus.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16331\" data-id=\"16331\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Interior-1024x831.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Interior-1024x831.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Interior-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Interior-scaled-600x487.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Interior-768x624.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Interior-1536x1247.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteCard_Interior-2048x1663.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">WPA Circus Route Card, Interior (1937-1938)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to the route card, at the height of the tented circus in the early twentieth century, many circuses produced a route book, like a diary, at the season\u2019s end. It listed performance dates and performers. The official route book of the 1937 tenting season of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) Circus Federal Theater Project included reviews of shows. During the Depression, circuses faced the same declines in attendance and job loss as in other industries. The WPA, later called the Works Project Administration, was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019s New Deal. The goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people until the economy recovered. Federal Project Number One is the collective name for a group of projects under the WPA that employed writers, musicians, artists, and actors; this group included out-of-work circus performers. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/exhibits\/federal-theatre-project\/circus.html#obj0\" target=\"_blank\">The Circus Unit was part of the larger Variety Unit of the Federal Theater Project<\/a>, employing as many as 250 performers in sixty acts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Selection: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829-wpa\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-852x1024.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">WPA circus route book, 1937-1938<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"852\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Cover of the WPA Circus Route Book\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16330\" data-id=\"16330\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-852x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-852x1024.jpg 852w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-scaled-300x360.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-scaled-600x721.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-250x300.jpg 250w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-768x923.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-1279x1536.jpg 1279w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-1705x2048.jpg 1705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">WPA Circus Route Book, Exterior (1937-1938)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"772\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Page of text from the WPA Route Book\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-16329\" data-id=\"16329\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-772x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-772x1024.jpg 772w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-scaled-300x398.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-scaled-600x796.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-226x300.jpg 226w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-768x1019.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-1158x1536.jpg 1158w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-1543x2048.jpg 1543w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RouteBook_19-scaled.jpg 1929w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">WPA Circus Route Book, 19 (1937-1938)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Looking at the Tom Mix route card, in how many towns did the circus perform? How many weeks were they on the road?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why would a Works Progress Administration circus be created?&nbsp; Why was the route book important?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Cristiani Wallace Circus poster would have been used to promote circus attractions. Can you think of someone or something we use today for promotion?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why do you think traveling by train was the most efficient way for the circus to move around the country?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is the circus still relevant today? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lions and Tigers and Bears, Oh My!<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The modern zoo that can be found in most major cities today is more than a tourist attraction and is seen as a source of education, conservation, and scientific research. &nbsp;However, while early zoos were a common feature in major cities, most had limited space for expansion. Chicago\u2019s Lincoln Park Zoo, one of the earliest zoos in the United States, was established in 1868 with the donation of a pair of swans from the menagerie in New York\u2019s Central Park. In the years that followed, Lincoln Park Zoo grew in both exhibits and attendance. However, the zoo\u2019s expansion was limited and had already found itself land-locked by 1909, as recognized by city planner Daniel H. Burnham. He saw the need for a zoological park appropriate for the size and importance of Chicago, but there was no room for the zoo to expand beyond its designated space within Lincoln Park.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-148916\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"777\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-1024x777.jpg\" alt=\"Two-page spread from the Forest Preserves of Cook County, including pictures of Boy Scouts camping, people having a picnic, and a copse of trees.\" class=\"wp-image-16345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-1024x777.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-scaled-600x455.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-768x583.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-1536x1165.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-2048x1554.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-148916\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cook County Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners, <em>The Forest Preserves of Cook County<\/em>, 50-51 (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Brookfield Zoo, just fourteen miles from the city, is a feature attraction of the Cook County Forest Preserve system, one of the most extensive systems near a large metropolitan city. In the early twentieth century, the need for outdoor space in urban areas intensified and became much more of a necessity than ever before. As population and industry flourished in cities, the need for more space and fresh air became paramount in urban areas. Forest preserves offered an oasis away from the steel and concrete of the city. Unlike city parks, which had \u201ctransplanted trees\u201d as noted in a history of Cook County Forest Preserves,[2] these natural open spaces were leafy green retreats that offered miles of paths and trails waiting to be explored. At the turn of the twentieth century, just as the National Park System was taking shape, community leaders saw the need to create public land around the core of the city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-new-zoo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Line drawing of people lookign at bears, a lion, and a hippopotamus in natural-style enclosures.\" class=\"wp-image-16333\" style=\"width:697px;height:391px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-scaled-600x337.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-2048x1151.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-new-zoo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John T. McCutcheon, &#8220;The New Zoo&#8221; (1931)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nestled within a forest preserve, the Brookfield Zoo set out to open as the first zoo in America with bar-less exhibits. The concept of the bar-less zoo had been steadily growing and stems from early European zoos, in which animals were shown in their in their natural environments. Unlike restrictive cages, the animal enclosures were spacious and use moats and other natural features such as rocks and trees to provide a suitable environment emulating the animal\u2019s natural habitat. Expansive dry moats in the front offered safety between visitor and animal as illustrated in the cartoon titled \u201cThe New Zoo.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-257449\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Line drawing of three children looking at a poster of large zoo with natural-style enclosures. A man and a woman stand at the edge of the frame. The man is pointing at the children and saying, &quot;I'll bet I know how they'd like us to vote, even if we did have to deny ourselves a couple of movies a year.&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-16354\" style=\"width:352px;height:449px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-1200x1536.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-1600x2048.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG.jpg 1719w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-257449\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John T. McCutcheon, <em>Chicago Tribune<\/em> (1923) Courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;In 1920, Edith Rockefeller McCormick offered several acres of land to the Cook County forest preserve district on the conditions that they be used for a zoological park and the commissioners assume the back taxes. They accepted and felt the best way to carry out their vision and oversight of the Brookfield Zoo was to create a citizens\u2019 committee, which should operate by the approval of the commissioners.&nbsp; Thus, the Chicago Zoological Society was incorporated and chose Chicago journalist and cartoonist John T. McCutcheon to be president. With Midwest roots in Indiana, his popular cartoons were a perfect fit for promoting and popularizing the zoo with general audiences. His drawings depicted both the celebrations and challenges of the zoo, including the struggle to convince county residents to approve a zoo tax. McCutcheon\u2019s 1923 cartoon illustrates the doubts felt by many citizens to use tax dollars to fund the zoo Tax dollars were vital in the establishment of the zoo, but even with the urging and support from some of Chicago\u2019s most prominent citizens, including social reformer Jane Addams, the vote was not unanimous, and the first referendum to fund the zoo was not approved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-292194\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Attendance chart for the Brookfield Zoon showign the years 1934-1953. Attendance peaks in 1938, decreases until 1943, and rises again until 1953.\" class=\"wp-image-16368\" style=\"width:317px;height:563.5555555555555px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-scaled.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-scaled-300x533.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-scaled-600x1067.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-1152x2048.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-292194\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Attendance Chart, <em>The Brookfield Zoo<\/em> (1954)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the approval of the project by the second referendum, Cook County officials broke ground in 1926, in anticipation of being open by the 1933 World\u2019s Fair. McCutcheon\u2019s cartoon of permanent exhibits exemplifies the status of the Zoo\u2019s position amongst Chicago\u2019s most prestigious museums and cultural attractions. To meet the World\u2019s Fair deadline, laborers from the Civil Works Administration, a precursor to the Works Progress Administration, were employed to finish structures, paint exteriors, and construct habitats, but even through their efforts, the zoo\u2019s opening was delayed due to the Great Depression. Finally, on June 30, 1934, 2,000 invited guests from all over the Midwest came to celebrate the zoo\u2019s official opening. &nbsp;The next day, the <em>Chicago Tribune <\/em>published an article providing directions for visitors, noting that the Zoo is served by highways, a railroad, a streetcar line, and elevated line. Roads leading to the zoo were congested with more than 58,000 visitors clamoring to be part of the Zoo\u2019s opening day. Just a couple months after its opening day, visitor totals surpassed one million and in the coming decades, the zoo expanded both in size and exhibitions, drawing visitors from around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Questions:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why is green space important to a city? How are cities incorporating open space in development of urban areas and planning?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the differences between a park and a forest preserve? What are the similarities?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Looking at the Brookfield Zoo attendance chart, what factors would have caused a decrease in visitors between 1941 and 1945? Would these same factors cause a decline in visits to other forest preserves and parks?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why would the commissioners want the zoo to be open by the World\u2019s Fair in 1933?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cartoons were used to promote and express challenges in the creation of the zoo. Are cartoons still a relevant tool to express opinions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Haugh, D. <em>Riverview Amusement Park<\/em>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Anon. <em>The Forest Preserves of Cook County: Owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County in the State of Illinois<\/em>. Chicago: Clohesey &amp; Co., printers, 1918.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the Author <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jo Ellen McKillop Dickie is the Reference Services Librarian and the Selector for Reference in the Newberry Library&#8217;s Collection Development Department. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Amusement Parks<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">See below for pictures of and writings about early and mid-twentieth century amusement parks. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"730\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-1024x730.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white photograph of a Ferris Wheel through some trees. A decorative cannon sits on the grass in the foreground\" class=\"wp-image-16352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-1024x730.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-scaled-600x428.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-1536x1095.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-2048x1460.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019_o2-140x100.jpg 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/midwest_ms_michaelis_box_02_no_019\">&#8220;Ferris Wheel in Lincoln Park&#8221; (1901)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1024x729.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"729\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1024x729.jpg\" alt=\"Color photograph of a carousal at night, with a crowd of people in front.\" class=\"wp-image-16342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1024x729.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-scaled-600x427.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1536x1094.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-2048x1458.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-140x100.jpg 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-riverview-park\/Riverview_Ride_Nighttime-1024x729.jpg\">Selection of images of Riverview Park, mid 20th Century<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-santas-village\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"647\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-1024x647.jpg\" alt=\"Postcard photograph of a miniature train. A man dressed as Santa sits in the first car, while all the others are filled with White children, waving.\" class=\"wp-image-16335\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-1024x647.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-scaled-600x379.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-768x486.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-1536x971.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/SantasVillage_Front-2048x1295.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-santas-village\">Santa&#8217;s Village, Front (c. 1950-1959)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?context=L&amp;vid=01CARLI_NBY:CARLI_NBY&amp;search_scope=MyInstitution&amp;tab=LibraryCatalog&amp;docid=alma992903398805867\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"396\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686-396x1024.png\" alt=\"Newspaper advertisement for Joyland Park\" class=\"wp-image-16343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686-396x1024.png 396w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686-300x776.png 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686-116x300.png 116w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/JoylandPark_Ad_TempCopy-e1610386318686.png 464w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?context=L&amp;vid=01CARLI_NBY:CARLI_NBY&amp;search_scope=MyInstitution&amp;tab=LibraryCatalog&amp;docid=alma992903398805867\">Joyland Park, <em>Chicago Defender <\/em>(1923)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Circuses<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Improvements to the railroads were important for the success of the circus industry, which became famous in America as &#8220;the greatest show on earth.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829-mix\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-618x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Card advertising Tom Mix Circus. Color drawing of circus tent at the top, with lists of dates and cities below.\" class=\"wp-image-16332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-618x1024.jpg 618w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-scaled-300x497.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-scaled-600x994.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-181x300.jpg 181w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-768x1272.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-927x1536.jpg 927w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-1236x2048.jpg 1236w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TomMix_RouteCard-scaled.jpg 1545w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829-mix\">Tom Mix Circus Route Card (1938)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-1024x630.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white photo of a derailed train, with people standing around.\" class=\"wp-image-16348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-1024x630.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-scaled-600x369.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-768x472.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-1536x945.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/AlGBarnes_Trainwreck-2048x1260.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829\">Al G. Barnes Train Accident (1930)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829-wpa\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-852x1024.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"852\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-852x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of the WPA Circus Route Book\" class=\"wp-image-16330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-852x1024.jpg 852w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-scaled-300x360.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-scaled-600x721.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-250x300.jpg 250w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-768x923.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-1279x1536.jpg 1279w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-1705x2048.jpg 1705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">WPA Ci<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-194829-wpa\/WPA_RoutBook_Cover-852x1024.jpg\">rcus Route Book <br>(1937-1938)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-1141862\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"358\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-358x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Poster advertising the Cristiani-Wallace Bros. Circus. White type on a blue background displays the name at the top. Under this is a color painting of a white woman in red leotard and tutu standing on top of a horse.\" class=\"wp-image-16347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-358x1024.jpg 358w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-scaled-300x859.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-scaled-600x1718.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-105x300.jpg 105w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-715x2048.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/CristianiWallaceBros_Poster_Front-scaled.jpg 894w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 358px) 100vw, 358px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-1141862\">Cristiani-Wallace Bros. Circus Poster (c. 1950)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?context=L&amp;vid=01CARLI_NBY:CARLI_NBY&amp;search_scope=MyInstitution&amp;tab=LibraryCatalog&amp;docid=alma991948298805867\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"734\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-1024x734.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white map of the continental United States showing the route of the RBBB Circus in black.\" class=\"wp-image-16350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-1024x734.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-scaled-600x430.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-768x550.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-1536x1101.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-2048x1468.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/midwest_ms_am_circus_box_005_fl_061_map_01_01_o2-140x100.jpg 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?context=L&amp;vid=01CARLI_NBY:CARLI_NBY&amp;search_scope=MyInstitution&amp;tab=LibraryCatalog&amp;docid=alma991948298805867\">RBBB Circus Route Map (1922)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zoos<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The zoo was another prominent space in which people of all socioeconomic classes spent their leisure time in the early and mid-twentieth century. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-148916\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"777\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-1024x777.jpg\" alt=\"Two-page spread from the Forest Preserves of Cook County, including pictures of Boy Scouts camping, people having a picnic, and a copse of trees.\" class=\"wp-image-16345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-1024x777.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-scaled-600x455.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-768x583.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-1536x1165.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ForestPreservesCookCounty-2048x1554.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-148916\">Cook County Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners, <em>The Forest Preserves of Cook County<\/em>, (1918)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-new-zoo\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Line drawing of people lookign at bears, a lion, and a hippopotamus in natural-style enclosures.\" class=\"wp-image-16333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-scaled-600x337.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/TheNewZoo_McCutcheon_Cropped-2048x1151.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-new-zoo\">John T. McCutcheon, &#8220;The New Zoo&#8221; (1931)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-257449\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Line drawing of three children looking at a poster of large zoo with natural-style enclosures. A man and a woman stand at the edge of the frame. The man is pointing at the children and saying, &quot;I'll bet I know how they'd like us to vote, even if we did have to deny ourselves a couple of movies a year.&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-16354\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-300x384.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-600x768.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-1200x1536.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG-1600x2048.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/QuestionOfGreatModernZoo-JPG.jpg 1719w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-257449\">John T. McCutcheon, <em>Chicago Tribune<\/em> (1923)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-292194\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-576x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Attendance chart for the Brookfield Zoon showign the years 1934-1953. Attendance peaks in 1938, decreases until 1943, and rises again until 1953.\" class=\"wp-image-16368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-scaled-300x533.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-scaled-600x1067.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BrookfieldZoo_Attendance-edited-scaled.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dcc-292194\">Attendance Chart, The Brookfield Zoo (1954)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mms.newberry.org\/xml\/xml_files\/AmericanCircus.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">American Circus Collection<\/a>, Newberry Library ,Chicago.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burnham, Daniel Hudson, Edward H. Bennett, and Charles Moore.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma998214398805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Plan of Chicago .Centennial ed. Chicago, Ill<\/a>: Great Books Foundation, 2010. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deuchler, Douglas., and Carla W. Owens.&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma998704968805867\" target=\"_blank\">Brookfield Zoo and the Chicago Zoological Society<\/a>&nbsp;. Charleston, S.C: Arcadia Pub., 2009. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mms.newberry.org\/xml\/xml_files\/Riverview.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dolores Haugh Riverview Amusement Park Collection<\/a>, The Newberry Library, Chicago.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flint, Richard W., \u201cA Great Industrial Art: Circus Posters, Business Risks, and the Origins of Color Letterpress Printing in America&#8221;,&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma99754378805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Printing History<\/a>, Vol. 25 no.2, New York: American Printing History Association, 2008. pp.18-43. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma991489168805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Forest Preserves of Cook County\u202f: Owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County in the State of Illinois<\/a>. Chicago: Clohesey &amp; Co., printers], 1918. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Grossman, James R., Ann Durkin. Keating, and Janice L. Reiff.&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma992574518805867\" target=\"_blank\">The Encyclopedia of Chicago<\/a>&nbsp;. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Haugh, Dolores.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma998051438805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Riverview Amusement Park<\/a>&nbsp;. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2004. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Holabird, Christopher.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma992921948805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Brookfield Zoo, 1934-1954.&nbsp;<\/a>&nbsp;Brookfield, Ill: N.p., 1954. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mms.newberry.org\/xml\/xml_files\/McCutcheon.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John T.&nbsp; McCutcheon Papers<\/a>, The Newberry Library, Chicago.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mangels, William F.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma999624358805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Outdoor Amusement Industry\u202f: from Earliest Times to the Present<\/a>&nbsp;. New York: Vantage Press, 1952. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;McCutcheon, John T.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma995663278805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Drawn from Memory<\/a>&nbsp;. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Ogden, Tom.&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma998098118805867\" target=\"_blank\">Two Hundred Years of the American Circus\u202f: from Aba-Daba to the Zoppe-Zavatta Troupe<\/a>&nbsp;. New York: Facts on File, 1993. Print&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pond, Irving K. (Irving Kane) et al.&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma998222968805867\" target=\"_blank\">The Autobiography of Irving K. Pond\u202f: the Sons of Mary and Elihu<\/a>&nbsp;. Oak Park, IL: Hyoogen Press, 2009. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Wlodarczyk, Chuck.&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma999673258805867\" target=\"_blank\">Riverview, Gone but Not Forgotten\u202f: a Photohistory, 1904-1967 . Chicago: Riverview Publications, 1977<\/a>. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Wenz, Phillip L., and Rich Juvinall.&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma9910092268805867\" target=\"_blank\">Santa\u2019s Village . Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2007<\/a>. Print.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16339,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[84,164],"tags":[165],"class_list":["post-16464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-20th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-us-history"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Riverview_Ride_Bobs-scaled.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16464"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16464\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23006,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16464\/revisions\/23006"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}