{"id":22364,"date":"2024-06-17T22:13:55","date_gmt":"2024-06-17T22:13:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22364"},"modified":"2026-07-23T15:09:23","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T15:09:23","slug":"copy-20-copy-22","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22364","title":{"rendered":"Food, Health, and the Humors in Early Modern Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Intro<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Themes<\/strong><br>Food History<br>History of Medicine<br>History of Science<br>Humoral Theory<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Periods &amp; Events<\/strong><br>16th Century<br>17th Century<br>18th Century<br>Early Modern Europe<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Skills &amp; Document Types<\/strong><br>Close Reading<br>Cookbooks<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overview and Instructional Use<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this lesson, <strong>advanced high school students<\/strong> will analyze and compare cookbooks to learn about <strong>food history<\/strong>, the <strong>history of science<\/strong>, and <strong>humoral theory<\/strong> in Early Modern Europe while practicing close reading skills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This lesson can be used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As part of a unit on Early Modern European history.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To practice close reading skills.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As part of a unit on the history of science or food history.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Materials<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A copy of the \u201cFood, Health, and Humors in Early Modern Europe\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Download.pdf\">lesson plan<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transcriptions of <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Transcript.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sources used in this lesson<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Sources-compressed.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Images of sources<\/a> used in this lesson. You can find high resolution versions of all images <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/CS.aspx?VP3=DamView&amp;VBID=2KXJA4JNTMY3&amp;PN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement&amp;FR_=1&amp;W=1451&amp;H=689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Source analysis <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Worksheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">worksheet<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Lesson<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Procedure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Display <\/strong>or <strong>distribute <\/strong>the sources. Give students time to <strong>examine <\/strong>them, taking notes on the documents, generating questions, and attempting to answer them. Supplement with background information where appropriate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>After enough time has passed, <strong>discuss <\/strong>the sources as a group. Compare them to find commonalities and differences, and try to draw out broader themes about the history of food and science in Early Modern Europe using the guided questions below.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You and your students are going to read a series of excerpts from early modern (ca. 1500-1700) European books. Some of these books are primarily about food, while others are about health; all of the excerpts, however, are focused on how specific foods and eating were thought to impact a person\u2019s health at the time. Food was seen as an important way to maintain a person\u2019s health or heal a sick body. All of these sources provide insight into how early modern people used food to manipulate their health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Humoral theory is the foundation of any exploration of food and health in the early modern period. This was the predominant medical system from Antiquity until approximately the eighteenth century. In this system the human body was governed by four humors or fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. <strong>Learn more in the Background section below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This lesson is for a teacher-controlled class. Each of the five texts are excerpts from primary sources. Sources 1, 2, and 3 are shorter, easier to read, and focus on a single ingredient familiar in the present day. They may be easier for most students. Sources 4 and 5 are more difficult, as they deal with broader ideas about health and eating rather than individual ingredients. More information is included with each source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Words that may be particularly challenging or new are listed below each source in <strong>\u201cWords to Know.\u201d<\/strong> Terms pertaining to the humors or temperaments may also be new to students; these are included in the <strong>Background section<\/strong> below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This lesson can be taught in several ways based on the time available and the grade level of students. You can use all five sources or focus on the first three sources. You can also tailor the lesson to individual work, small group work, or working together as a class. You can divide the class into small groups, with each group focusing on 1 or 2 texts. Or, you may decide that individual work or working together as a class is a better fit for your classroom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A source analysis worksheet is provided in the <strong>Downloads tab<\/strong> to help students analyze the sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 1: Display and Examine the Sources<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Display or distribute the sources and the source analysis worksheet, if you choose to use it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Explain that the texts are excerpts from five different sources printed in Europe between 1557 and 1691. Texts printed during this time present some difficulties for modern readers. First, all of the sources include some letter forms that seem strange. The lower-case \u201cs\u201d and \u201cf\u201d look similar, and some letters are used interchangeably, including y\/i and u\/v. Students may also encounter a vowel with a line over it, like \u201c\u0113.\u201d This indicates there is an \u201cn\u201d or \u201cm\u201d after the vowel that has been omitted in the text. Finally, spelling was not standardized at this time. If a word seems confusing or misspelled, try saying it out loud and it will likely make more sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If possible, have students read the sources and write down their observations without providing any additional information or context. Some information about humoral theory may be helpful or needed before students engage with the sources. Encourage students to collect as much as they can from each source and develop their own questions about it. Then, discuss their questions (or the questions provided after each source) to spark collaborative exploration and discussion of the sources. Possible questions to prompt a comparison and synthesis of all the texts are listed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you would like your students to work with the sources independently or in small groups, download the Student Worksheet in the Downloads tab. You can also download images of the original sources in the Downloads tab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Source 1: Excerpt on Garlic from <em>Regimen saitatis Salerni<\/em> (1557)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZS7T3DQM?WS=AssetManagement\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1097\" height=\"617\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996271828805867_ord_case_b_8615_74_folio_xliiii-edited.jpg\" alt=\"Two-page spread of an early printed book.\" class=\"wp-image-22432\" style=\"width:304px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996271828805867_ord_case_b_8615_74_folio_xliiii-edited.jpg 1097w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996271828805867_ord_case_b_8615_74_folio_xliiii-edited-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996271828805867_ord_case_b_8615_74_folio_xliiii-edited-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996271828805867_ord_case_b_8615_74_folio_xliiii-edited-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1097px) 100vw, 1097px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZS7T3DQM?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Eatying of Garlike,&#8221; <em>Regimen sanitatis Salerni,<\/em> folio xliiii (1557)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source 1 is very short, but can be difficult to read due to the typescript (font), spelling, and vocabulary. You may decide to have advanced students work through these challenges, or you may use the modernized transcription included here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<em>Regimen sanitatis Salerni<\/em> (or <em>Regimen&nbsp;sanitatis&nbsp;Salernitanum<\/em>)&nbsp;is a late-thirteenth or early-fourteenth-century Latin commentary on a twelfth-century poem about health. While the poem\u2019s origins are murky, it is broadly attributed to the medical school in Salerno, Italy founded in the ninth century. The school was famous for its teaching and scholarship rooted in Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Persian thought. The Latin <em>Regimen<\/em> was widely circulated around medieval Europe in manuscript form, and then printed and translated regularly by the late fifteenth century. Thomas Paynell (fl. 1528 &#8211; d. 1567), an English friar and canon, translated this version of the <em>Regimen<\/em>, which was printed in seven editions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>Regimen<\/em> teaches readers about the humoral system and describes how a life of moderation can improve physical health. Much of the text is focused on diet, detailing the positive and negative effects of specific foods and drinks. The <em>Regimen<\/em> also instructs readers about daily habits, such as sleeping and urinating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transcription: <br>Garlyke is hotte, declyninge somwhat to humidite, but lesse than oynions, it is medicinable against ventosites and eke to cough, and it maketh one to spytte well, but it hurteth the syghte, and bredeth head ache: and it is tryacle for vplandyshe men. And thus the forsayde thynges are holsome for them only, that haue in them fleumatike grosse and cl\u0101my humours, but colerike folkes ought to absteyn from them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modernized Transcription: <br>Garlic is hot, declining somewhat to humidity, but less than onions. It is a medicine against flatulence and also coughing, and it makes one spit well, but it hurts the sight and causes headaches, and it is an antidote for homely men. And thus the foresaid things are wholesome for them only, that have in their bodies phlegmatic and clammy humors, but choleric folks ought to abstain from them.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Words to Know<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Ventosites\/ventosities:<\/em> an accumulation of gaseous pressure in the body, flatulence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Eke:<\/em> also<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Tryacle\/triacle:<\/em> an antidote for poison or venom<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Vplandyshe\/uplandish:<\/em>&nbsp; homely, rustic, crude<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Grosse:<\/em> of a body, in a body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Close Reading Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is this excerpt about? What kind of book do you think this excerpt is from? How do you know?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did eating this food impact one\u2019s health? Are there any good effects from eating it? Any bad effects?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who should eat this food? Who should avoid this food?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does one\u2019s temperament (or dominant humor) affect whether or not they should consume this food?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the author compare garlic to any other foods? Are these two foods compared or paired together often today?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the information the author provides about this food seem logical? Do you think it seemed reasonable at the time it was written? Why?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How closely do you think people followed these rules?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do you think someone\u2019s social status affected whether they could eat this food? Or whether they thought they should?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analysis Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have written this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have read or used this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does anything in this source surprise you?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What questions do you have after reading this excerpt? Where could you find answers to your questions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Source 2: Excerpt on Chocolate from Henry Stubbe&#8217;s <em>The Indian Nectar <\/em>(1662), pp. 102-104<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZS7T315F?WS=AssetManagement\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"715\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-715x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16601\" style=\"width:319px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-715x1024.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-scaled-300x430.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-scaled-600x859.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-768x1099.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-1073x1536.jpg 1073w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-1431x2048.jpg 1431w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_792_5__c5__s8_1662_pg_102_o2-scaled.jpg 1788w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZS7T315F?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stubbe, <em>The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata<\/em> (1662), 102.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click the image on the right to access the entire excerpt or download a copy in the Downloads tab. Begin with &#8220;The manner of Drinking it is divers.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Henry Stubbe\u2019s <em>The Indian nectar<\/em> (1662) is a book entirely dedicated to the topic of chocolate. Chocolate was still a relatively new, exotic, and expensive food in Europe in the mid-seventeenth century. Stubbe was an English physician, and he wanted to convince readers about the curative properties of chocolate. He also wanted to advertise his services as a physician who would prescribe chocolate concoctions to his patients. Stubbe wrote this book by collecting writings by other European authors and physicians. He not only copies lengthy quotations from other sources, but also translates the texts and provides commentary on the efficacy of the recommended cures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Words to Know<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Molinet:<\/em> a tool used to agitate drinking chocolate to create froth on top of the beverage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Atolle\/atol:<\/em> a hot masa-based beverage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Pochol\/pozol:<\/em> fermented corn dough<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Paniso\/panizo:<\/em> millet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Maiz\/maize:<\/em> corn<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Close Reading Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is this excerpt about? What kind of book do you think this excerpt is from? How do you know?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did eating this food impact one\u2019s health? Are there any good effects from eating it? Any bad effects?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who should eat this food? Who should avoid this food?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does one\u2019s temperament (or dominant humor) affect whether or not they should consume this food?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the preparation of chocolate affect how healthy it is?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the information the author provides about this food seem logical? Do you think it seemed reasonable at the time it was written? Why?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The author is writing for an audience in England. Why does he include so much historical information about chocolate and information from Spanish-language sources?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How closely do you think people followed these rules?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do you think someone\u2019s social status affected whether they could eat this food? Or whether they thought they should?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analysis Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have written this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have read or used this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does anything in this source surprise you?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What questions do you have after reading this excerpt? Where could you find answers to your questions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Source 3: Excerpt on Watermelon from William Hughes&#8217; <em>The American physitian<\/em> (1672), pp. 22-24.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click the image on the right to access the entire excerpt or download a copy in the Downloads tab. Begin with &#8220;Of the Water-melon.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSS43GXO?WS=AssetManagement\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"946\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_22_23-1024x946.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16706\" style=\"width:327px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_22_23-1024x946.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_22_23-300x277.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_22_23-scaled-600x554.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_22_23-768x710.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_22_23-1536x1419.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/ayer_109_9_b6_h8_1672_pg_22_23-2048x1892.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSS43GXO?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Hughes, <em>The American physitian<\/em> (1672), 22-23.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">William Hughes, an English botanist (and possibly a medical practitioner), travelled to the Americas in the 1650s. His experiences touring British plantations in the Caribbean, particularly in Jamaica, and recording information about the plants there, led to the publication of <em>The American physitian<\/em> in 1672. Hughes offers botanical descriptions, details about the humoral properties of the edible plants, and even provides cooking recommendations of foods like potatoes, watermelon, sugar, corn, and prickly pear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Close Reading Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is this excerpt about? What kind of book do you think this excerpt is from? How do you know?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did eating this food impact one\u2019s health? Are there any good effects from eating it? Any bad effects?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who should eat this food? Who should avoid this food?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does one\u2019s temperament (or dominant humor) affect whether or not they should consume this food?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the information the author provides about this food seem logical? Do you think it seemed reasonable at the time it was written? Why?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is watermelon an exotic food, or difficult to obtain in Europe at the time this source was written? How might that affect the author\u2019s description of the food and its healthful properties?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How closely do you think people followed these rules?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do you think someone\u2019s social status affected whether they could eat this food? Or whether they thought they should?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analysis Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have written this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have read or used this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does anything in this source surprise you?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What questions do you have after reading this excerpt? Where could you find answers to your questions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Source 4: Excerpt on When and How to Eat from <em>The phliosphers banqvet<\/em> (1609) fol. 3r-5r<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZS7T3SNH?WS=AssetManagement\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"1530\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996142058805867_ord_case_3a_670_pg_02v_03r-edited.jpg\" alt=\"Two-page spread from an early printed book.\" class=\"wp-image-22434\" style=\"width:277px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996142058805867_ord_case_3a_670_pg_02v_03r-edited.jpg 860w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996142058805867_ord_case_3a_670_pg_02v_03r-edited-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996142058805867_ord_case_3a_670_pg_02v_03r-edited-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996142058805867_ord_case_3a_670_pg_02v_03r-edited-768x1366.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZS7T3SNH?WS=AssetManagement\"><em>The Philosophers Banqvet<\/em>, Folio 3r (1609)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click the image on the right to access the entire excerpt or download a copy in the Downloads tab. Begin with &#8220;Chap. 2. Of the howre of eating, and how often we must eate.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The philosophers banqvet<\/em> (1609) is an English translation of <em>Mensa philosophica<\/em>, a medieval compilation of texts about diet and health. It is attributed to either Theobaldus Anguilbertus, a medieval physician, or Michael Scotus, a medieval scholar. <em>Mensa philosophica<\/em> was designed to be both didactic and entertaining for highly educated readers. The text regularly draws upon Arabic, Greek, and Latin sources spanning a range of scientific and medical topics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Words to Know<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Rasis\/Rhazes\/Ab\u016b Bakr al-R\u0101z\u012b:<\/em> A Persian physician and philosopher (c. 865-925 CE) who wrote over 200 scientific texts, including several on the topic of food and health<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Consuetudo est altera natura<\/em>: \u201cHabit is second nature\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Averrois the Commentor\/Averros the Commentator\/ Ibn Rushd:<\/em> An Andalusian physician, philosopher, and judge (1126-1198 CE) known for his prolific writings on many topics, including commentaries on Aristotle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Avicens\/Avicenna\/Ibn Sina:<\/em> A Persian physician and philosopher (980-1037 CE) whose prodigious writings form the foundation of early modern medicine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Close Reading Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is this excerpt about? What kind of book do you think this excerpt is from? How does the time a person eats and how often a person eats impact their health?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does one\u2019s temperament (or dominant humor) affect when and how often they should consume food?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where is the author getting his information?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the information the author provides seem logical? Do you think it seemed reasonable at the time it was written?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How closely do you think people followed these rules?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you think a reader\u2019s social status influenced whether nor not they were able to follow the author\u2019s rules? Why?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analysis Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have written this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have read or used this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does anything in this source surprise you?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What questions do you have after reading this excerpt? Where could you find answers to your questions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Source 5: Excerpt on Eating Meat and Animal Products from Thomas Tyron&#8217;s <em>Wisdom&#8217;s dictates<\/em> (1691) pp. 108-109<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZS7T3MLE?WS=AssetManagement\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1049\" height=\"1865\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/997369558805867_ord_case_b_692_89_pg_108_109-edited.jpg\" alt=\"Two-page spread of an early printed book for a section entitled &quot;The danger of Fat Foods, as Flesh, Fish, Butter, Eggs, Cheese, and the like&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-22435\" style=\"width:276px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/997369558805867_ord_case_b_692_89_pg_108_109-edited.jpg 1049w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/997369558805867_ord_case_b_692_89_pg_108_109-edited-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/997369558805867_ord_case_b_692_89_pg_108_109-edited-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/997369558805867_ord_case_b_692_89_pg_108_109-edited-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/997369558805867_ord_case_b_692_89_pg_108_109-edited-864x1536.jpg 864w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1049px) 100vw, 1049px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZS7T3MLE?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thomas Tryon, <em>Wisdom&#8217;s Dictates<\/em>, 108 (1691)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click the image on the right to access the entire excerpt or download a copy in the Downloads tab. Read paragraphs 1-3 of &#8220;The danger of Fat Foods, as Flesh, Fish, Butter, Eggs, Cheese, and the like.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thomas Tryon was a seventeenth-century English sugar merchant and author. He was an Anabaptist and advocated for animal rights and vegetarianism. In <em>Wisdom\u2019s dictates<\/em> (1691), Tryon argues that readers could attain a healthier life by following a vegetarian diet and refraining from eating animals. While most of the book consists of Tryon\u2019s thoughts on leading a godly life, he also provides a list of foods that conform to his vegetarian diet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Words to Know<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Menstruum:<\/em> a solvent, a substance that can dissolve something else<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Consumption: <\/em>tuberculosis, a disease that mainly affects the lungs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Close Reading Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is this excerpt about? What kind of book do you think this excerpt is from? How do you know?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did eating fat foods (or foods from animals) impact one\u2019s health? Are there any good effects from eating them? Any bad effects?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who should eat these foods? Who should avoid these foods?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does one\u2019s temperament (or dominant humor) affect whether or not they should consume these foods?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the information the author provides about this category of foods seem logical? Do you think it seemed reasonable at the time it was written?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How closely do you think people followed these rules?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analysis Questions<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have written this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are there any clues to who may have read or used this text? What are those clues?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does anything in this source surprise you?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What questions do you have after reading this excerpt? Where could you find answers to your questions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 2: Discuss and Compare the Sources<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After enough time has passed, discuss the sources as a group. Compare and contrast them to draw out broader themes about the history of food and science in Early Modern Europe using the guided questions below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How are the authors similar and how are they different?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How are the sources similar and how are they different?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are the authors concerned with the same types of information about food and health, or are they emphasizing different things?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where are the authors getting their information? Are they getting it from the same or different kinds of sources?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Questions for All Sources<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do you think authors wrote so much about the relationship between food and health? Do you think readers followed these rules? Why or why not?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you think the rules remain consistent throughout the sources? Do they seem more or less complicated, depending upon the author, date of writing, or the type of food? Why?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are there any similarities to modern writings and communications about food and health (including books, online articles, YouTube videos, and social media posts)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Background<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Humoral Theory<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From Antiquity until around the eighteenth century, medical practitioners believed that a person\u2019s health was determined by humoral theory. Four humors, or fluids, within a person\u2019s body, determined how one would behave and how healthy they were. The balance (or imbalance) of blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm could explain any medical condition or behavior. A healthy individual had balanced humors, while all illnesses were thought to be caused by an imbalance in the bodily humors. Furthermore, a person was thought to possess a temperament determined by whatever humor was dominant. These temperaments were known as sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The humors were associated with various properties: hot, cold, moist, and dry. These properties were also used to describe seasons, ages in the human lifespan, planets, and foods. Because foods had humoral properties, people could alter the balance of humors in their bodies by consuming individual ingredients and prepared dishes. Humoral theory, particularly the identification of properties of food, became very complicated because temperature, cooking method, and mixing ingredients could alter the properties of a food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diet and Social Status<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most people had a limited diet due to their social status. Rural agricultural workers, urban laborers, and the most impoverished were unable to afford a large volume or a wide variety of food. Their diets were generally limited to beans; cereals in the form of bread, gruel, and beer and ale; and very inexpensive proteins like dried and salted fish. Some vegetables might occasionally be a part of their diets. The higher up the social hierarchy a person was, the more variety in food they could afford, including different types of meats and animal products, fish, fruits and vegetables, spices, wine, etc. The wealthiest tier of society could also afford the newest and most exotic products being imported from the New World and other colonial outposts, like chocolate, pineapple, and sugar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Books about Food and Health<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the early modern period, many texts about food and health were written and published. Some were translations or printings of medieval texts, while others were entirely new works. Many handbooks and regimens of health, like the <em>Regimen&nbsp;sanitatis&nbsp;Salernitanum<\/em> and the <em>Tacuinum sanitatis<\/em> were reproduced from medieval texts, while books describing New World plants and animals were entirely early modern works. Other types of writing combining food and health included dietaries (books about how, when, where, and what people should eat), herbals (botanical descriptions plants and also their medical and culinary uses), and collections of \u201csickdishes\u201d (a part of many medieval and early modern cookbooks dedicated to food for people with difficulty eating, like the sick and invalid). Physicians, scientists, and other authors were eager to publish on the relationship between food and health, and readers readily consumed these texts. These books tended to be printed in Latin early in the period, while by the mid-sixteenth century, most published works on the topic tended to be in vernacular languages, like English, German, French, and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Extension Activities<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Students who can safely navigate social media platforms can explore how ideas about food and health are presented in the modern world. Social media posts and videos often present concepts that are similar to views from the past. How are these presentations and ideas similar to and different from beliefs rooted in humoral theory?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Students can connect historical ideas about food and health to actual recipes from the same period. Advanced students can peruse digitized early modern recipe books to find ties between food and health in culinary recipes and practical applications of humoral theory. Digitized recipe books in English can be found in the following collections: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: var(--theme-font-family); font-size: var(--theme-font-size); font-style: var(--theme-font-style, inherit); font-weight: var(--theme-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--theme-letter-spacing); text-transform: var(--theme-text-transform);\" href=\"https:\/\/folgerpedia.folger.edu\/Recipe_books_at_the_Folger_Shakespeare_Library\">Folger Shakespeare Library<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/search\/works?query=recipe+book&amp;workType=h&amp;production.dates.from=1500&amp;production.dates.to=1750&amp;languages=eng\">Wellcome Collection<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some classroom settings may be able to accommodate the incorporation of actual food and cooking in order to bring historical ideas about food and health to life. There are many online resources to assist in the planning of classroom cooking activities. These include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: var(--theme-font-family); font-size: var(--theme-font-size); font-style: var(--theme-font-style, inherit); font-weight: var(--theme-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--theme-letter-spacing); text-transform: var(--theme-text-transform);\" href=\"https:\/\/rarecooking.com\/\">Cooking in the Archives<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: var(--theme-text-color); font-family: var(--theme-font-family); font-size: var(--theme-font-size); font-style: var(--theme-font-style, inherit); font-weight: var(--theme-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--theme-letter-spacing); text-transform: var(--theme-text-transform);\">Recipes Project <\/span><a style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: var(--theme-font-family); font-size: var(--theme-font-size); font-style: var(--theme-font-style, inherit); font-weight: var(--theme-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--theme-letter-spacing); text-transform: var(--theme-text-transform);\" href=\"https:\/\/recipes.hypotheses.org\/thematic-series\/teaching-recipes-a-september-series\">Teaching Recipes Series<\/a><span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: var(--theme-text-color); font-family: var(--theme-font-family); font-size: var(--theme-font-size); font-style: var(--theme-font-style, inherit); font-weight: var(--theme-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--theme-letter-spacing); text-transform: var(--theme-text-transform);\"> and <\/span><a style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: var(--theme-font-family); font-size: var(--theme-font-size); font-style: var(--theme-font-style, inherit); font-weight: var(--theme-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--theme-letter-spacing); text-transform: var(--theme-text-transform);\" href=\"https:\/\/recipes.hypotheses.org\/tag\/teaching\">Teaching Posts<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the Author<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sarah Peters Kernan, PhD, is a Scholar-in-Residence at the Newberry Library. Her research focuses on cookbooks and culinary activity in medieval and early modern England. She is an editor of&nbsp;<em>The Recipes Project<\/em>&nbsp;and hosts the&nbsp;<em>Around the Table<\/em>&nbsp;podcast. Sarah regularly collaborates with The Newberry Library on teaching and digital learning projects.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Standards<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Illinois Social Science Standards<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This lesson supports the following standards from the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.isbe.net\/Documents\/IL-Social-Science-Standards.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">History<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SS.9-12.H.2. Analyze change and continuity across historical eras and identify what perspectives have typically influenced how historical eras are constructed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SS.9-12.H.4. Analyze how people and institutions have interacted with environmental, scientific, technological, and societal challenges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SS.9-12.H.5. Analyze the factors and historical context, including overarching movements, that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common Core<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This lesson supports the following&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecorestandards.org\/ELA-Literacy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Common Core Literacy in History\/Social Science standards:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">English Language Arts: History\/Social Studies<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.1: Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.11-12.2: Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term or terms over the course of a text (e.g., how Madison defines faction in Federalist No. 10).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This lesson supports the following&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.socialstudies.org\/system\/files\/2022\/c3-framework-for-social-studies-rev0617.2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C3 Framework standards<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dimension 2, History<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>D2.His.1.9-12. Evaluate how historical events and developments were shaped by unique circumstances of time and place as well as broader historical contexts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D2.His.4.9-12. Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D2.His.16.9-12. Integrate evidence from multiple relevant historical sources and interpretations into a reasoned argument about the past.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Downloads<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Download the following materials below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A copy of the lesson &#8220;Food, Health, and the Humors in Early Modern Europe&#8221;<strong> <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transcriptions of source excerpts used in this lesson<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Images of the sources used in this lesson (find high-resolution versions <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/CS.aspx?VP3=DamView&amp;VBID=2KXJA4JNTMY3&amp;PN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement&amp;FR_=1&amp;W=1451&amp;H=689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Source analysis worksheet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Download.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of &lt;strong&gt;Download a copy of this lesson here.&lt;\/strong&gt;.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-068b1094-b4a3-4fae-8907-2100825f6a3b\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Download.pdf\"><strong>Download a copy of this lesson here.<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Download.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-068b1094-b4a3-4fae-8907-2100825f6a3b\"><strong>Download<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Transcript.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of &lt;strong&gt;Download transcriptions of sources used in this lesson here.&lt;\/strong&gt;.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-4b30237f-d422-4f91-bbae-70502d45db30\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Transcript.pdf\"><strong>Download transcriptions of sources used in this lesson here.<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Transcript.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-4b30237f-d422-4f91-bbae-70502d45db30\"><strong>Download<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Sources-compressed.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of &lt;strong&gt;Download images of the sources used in this lesson here.&lt;\/strong&gt;.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-8bf465aa-6eb6-40b2-bec4-6f2610af0071\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Sources-compressed.pdf\"><strong>Download images of the sources used in this lesson here.<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Sources-compressed.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-8bf465aa-6eb6-40b2-bec4-6f2610af0071\"><strong>Download<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Worksheet.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of &lt;strong&gt;Download the source analysis worksheet here.&lt;\/strong&gt;.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-05830bff-f1b1-44bb-bdd4-9032d8590fe2\" href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Worksheet.pdf\"><strong>Download the source analysis worksheet here.<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kernan_HumorsLesson_Worksheet.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-05830bff-f1b1-44bb-bdd4-9032d8590fe2\"><strong>Download<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Related Resources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Lessons<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22439\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"462\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture-1.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of activity entitled &quot;Distilling in Early Modern Europe&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-22490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture-1.png 462w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture-1-243x300.png 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22439\">Distilling in Early Modern Europe <br>by Dr. Sarah Peters Kernan<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Collection Essays<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"484\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of collection essay entitled &quot;The European Discovery of Chocolate&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-22480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture.png 484w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capture-260x300.png 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 484px) 100vw, 484px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The European Discovery of Chocolate <br>by Dr. Sarah Peters Kernan<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=16944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture-3.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of collection essay entitled &quot;Sugar and Power in the Early Modern World&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-22451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture-3.png 580w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture-3-269x300.png 269w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=16944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sugar and Power in the Early Modern World <br>by Dr. Sarah Peters Kernan<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"762\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture4.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of collection essay entitled &quot;Foods of the Columbian Exchange.&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-22456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture4.png 582w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Capture4-229x300.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=14426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Foods of the Columbian Exchange by Dr. Sarah Peters Kernan<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Additional Resources on this Topic<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/shakespeare-and-the-four-humors\/index.html#homesummary\">Shakespeare and the Four Humors Digital Exhibition<\/a>, National Library of Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/curiosity.lib.harvard.edu\/contagion\/feature\/humoral-theory\">\u201cHumoral Theory,\u201d<\/a> Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics, Harvard Library<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.folger.edu\/blogs\/shakespeare-and-beyond\/the-four-humors-eating-in-the-renaissance\/\">\u201cThe Four Humors: Eating in the Renaissance,\u201d<\/a> Folger Shakespeare Library<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":22362,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[94,89,124,182,140],"tags":[168,166],"class_list":["post-22364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-16th-century","category-17th-century","category-cm","category-college-prep","category-lesson-plans","tag-literature","tag-world-history"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/996271828805867_ord_case_b_8615_74_folio_xliiii.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22364","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22364"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22364\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25509,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22364\/revisions\/25509"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22362"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}