{"id":24684,"date":"2025-10-01T19:17:06","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T19:17:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=24684"},"modified":"2026-06-08T21:57:48","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T21:57:48","slug":"new-lessons-for-a-new-empire-americans-learn-about-the-greater-united-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=24684","title":{"rendered":"New Lessons for a New Empire: Americans Learn about the Greater United States"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs\" data-active-tab=\"0\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-links\"><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Essay<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW0CQ?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"706\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-1024x706.jpg\" alt=\"Color map of the Pacific and its surrounding land showing the continental United States and its Pacific territories.\" class=\"wp-image-23914\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-1024x706.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-768x530.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-1536x1059.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW0CQ?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, <em>American History Atlas<\/em>, &#8220;Greater United States&#8221; (1924)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the close of the nineteenth century, the United States had accomplished something remarkable. Combined with their purchase of Alaska in 1867 and the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893, victory in the Spanish-American War of 1898 put the United States in power over 700,000 square miles of noncontiguous territory and over 10 million people\u2013from the Caribbean to the South China Sea and beyond the Arctic Circle.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The acquisition of overseas territory (Alaska, Hawai\u02bbi, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Cuba, Guam, and several Samoan islands by 1898) was followed by other military interventions and occupations (in the Dominican Republic in 1905, Nicaragua in 1912, and Haiti in 1915), and new acquisitions (the Panama Canal Zone in 1903 and the US Virgin Islands in 1917).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the horizons of American power and territory expanding, so also did the appetite for detailed knowledge about the people and land that the US now held in its possession. Back home, Americans were learning a new way to envision their nation. Descriptions of the United States\u2013in promotional publications, classroom maps, geography textbooks, and morning newspapers\u2013shifted to accommodate new political realities. The US was not simply a continental juggernaut, but a globe-spanning empire. The sources assembled here showcase the emerging language (both textual and visual) that Americans used to communicate the shape, size, and character of their new global profile\u2013the \u201cGreater United States\u201d\u2013during the first two decades of the twentieth century.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of the sources in this exhibit are purely visual (like maps and engravings), while others are longer passages of text from various publications. Teachers adapting these materials may find it useful to choose shorter excerpts from the longer text selections to fit the demands of time or grade level in their classrooms.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Guiding Questions<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did American promoters of empire argue that the United States would benefit from its holdings abroad?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the distinct history, culture, and geography of each new territory inform American opinions about the wisdom of expansion?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do maps work as teaching tools about the national past, present, and future? How did Americans adapt their view of their history and their future as they illustrated and communicated the dimensions of their new territory?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To what extent did American promoters of empire admit to or address the tensions and criticisms of Caribbean and Pacific expansion?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Promotion and Publicity <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW3E5?BRPN=3&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"519\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992322998805867_ord_h_0_093_pg_000047.jpg\" alt=\"Page of printed text of the beginning of speech about how &quot;glorious&quot; the US is and how it has a divine destiny.\" class=\"wp-image-23843\" style=\"width:260px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992322998805867_ord_h_0_093_pg_000047.jpg 519w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992322998805867_ord_h_0_093_pg_000047-195x300.jpg 195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW3E5?BRPN=3&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Beveridge, &#8220;The March of the Flag&#8221; (1908)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this set of sources, we encounter prominent public commentaries on the work to be undertaken in American overseas territories at the turn of the twentieth century\u2014one from an Indiana Senate candidate, one from the American Governor-General of the Philippines, and one from a journalist covering the Philippine Insurrection against the Americans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the <strong>first source<\/strong>, US Senate hopeful Albert J. Beveridge gives a rousing 1898 campaign speech to his fellow Indiana Republicans. His speech, published widely as \u201cThe March of the Flag,\u201d not only helped him secure victory in the race and prestige within his party, but earned permanent status as a classic of American political rhetoric from a renowned orator at the heights of his imperialist passions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWFY5?BRPN=5&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"511\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/997159338805867_ayer_2120_t12_1907_000005.jpg\" alt=\"First page of the printed text of a speech arguing that it was noble of the US to fight the Spanish-American War on behalf of the people of the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.\" class=\"wp-image-23845\" style=\"width:256px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/997159338805867_ayer_2120_t12_1907_000005.jpg 511w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/997159338805867_ayer_2120_t12_1907_000005-192x300.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWFY5?BRPN=5&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William H. Taft, &#8220;Some Recent Instances of National Altruism&#8221; (1907)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>second source<\/strong> is a 1907 speech given by William Howard Taft to a millers\u2019 convention in St. Louis, Missouri, reproduced in <em>National Geographic Magazine<\/em>. An Ohioan and prominent insider in Teddy Roosevelt\u2019s Republican party during the Progressive Era, Taft preceded his 1908 run for US president with several high-level appointments in the United States\u2019 new imperial administration\u2013first as Governor-General of the Philippines (during and after the insurrection), a provisional governor of Cuba, and the Secretary of War in Roosevelt\u2019s cabinet. Here, Taft gives a whirlwind tour of the feats of infrastructure, sanitation, education, trade and governance that the US government implemented in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines\u2014all evidence, in his words, of the Americans\u2019 \u201cgenerous, earnest effort to uplift these people.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWZ32?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"544\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/996419738805867_ayer_2114_r66_1901_pg_000299.jpg\" alt=\"Page of printed text arguing that &quot;benevolent assimilation&quot; has not worked for the US in the Philippines because the Filipinos do not understand that American rule is superior to Spanish rule.\" class=\"wp-image-23844\" style=\"width:242px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/996419738805867_ayer_2114_r66_1901_pg_000299.jpg 544w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/996419738805867_ayer_2114_r66_1901_pg_000299-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWZ32?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Robinson, <em>The Philippines, The War and The People<\/em> (1901)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>third source <\/strong>offers a journalistic view of the Philippine insurrection, written by Albert G. Robinson, who covered the conflict for six months for the <em>New York Journal, <\/em>casting a far less positive light on US conduct in the Philippines.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ask Students<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do promoters of US expansion into the Caribbean and Pacific like Beveridge and Taft fit these imperial ventures into the longer history of the nation?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What differences do you notice between Beveridge\u2019s account (given just as the US was acquiring the new territories in 1898) and Taft\u2019s account (given in 1907, after the US had been administering its holdings for several years, and after Cuba returned to self-government)?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What distinctions do you see between what government officials like Taft emphasize and the focus of war journalists like Robinson? What do they agree on?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are there opinions and explanations of the US role in the wider world that feel familiar to things you might hear politicians or government officials say today? What ideas feel especially strange or distant to your 21st-century ears?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Virtual Tours of the New Empire<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this set of sources, authors of educational texts and schoolbooks set out to describe the new American empire in the early twentieth century. Though less overtly political in motive and genre than our first set of sources, these volumes mobilized similarly nationalistic rhetoric and dynamic imagery to help American students identify with the mission, vision, and adventure of Pacific and Caribbean expansion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z8PH7VIZ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of printed text about US colonies, including illustrations of a village near Santiago, Santiago Harbor, and Havana Harbor.\" class=\"wp-image-24330\" style=\"width:258px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-1200x1536.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01.jpg 1563w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z8PH7VIZ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alex Everett Frye, <em>Frye&#8217;s Complete Geography<\/em>, Special Supplement (1903)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong>the first source, <\/strong>the 1898 edition of widely-used grammar school resource <em>Frye\u2019s Geography<\/em> presents a \u201cspecial supplement\u201d on the newly acquired US possessions of Guam, the Philippines, Hawai\u02bbi, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. Each one conducts an illustrated tour of cultures, landforms, climates, and resources, from the \u201chappy, light-hearted race\u201d native to Hawai\u02bbi to the \u201cfierce and warlike\u201d tribes believed to inhabit the remote corners of the Philippine archipelago. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In<strong> the second source<\/strong>, another classroom text, the 1899 <em>Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World, <\/em>the editors commissioned an extended illustrated subsection depicting the major players and key battles of the recently concluded Spanish-American War, from portraits of the heads of state of the US and Spain, photographs of battleships, sailors, and soldiers, to hastily rendered paintings of battles at Santiago, Manila, and San Juan Hill. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWKP4?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Philadelphia Inquirer Co., <em>Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World<\/em> (1899)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"659\" height=\"800\" alt=\"Cover of a book. Cover is red with black text reading &quot;Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World, 1899.&quot; &quot;Greater United States&quot; is in gold type in a decorative garland.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-23846\" data-id=\"23846\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_fc.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_fc.jpg 659w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_fc-247x300.jpg 247w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Philadelphia Enquirer, Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World, cover (1899)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" alt=\"Two-page spread of a printed book. On the left-hand page is the text &quot;Pictorial History of the Spanish-American War, with Illustrated Descriptions of our New Possessions.&quot; On the right-hand page are illustrations of five US warships set against a decorative background of US flags and an eagle.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-23847\" data-id=\"23847\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0192_193.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0192_193.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0192_193-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0192_193-768x488.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Philadelphia Enquirer, Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World, 192-193 (1899)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" alt=\"Two-page illustration from a printed book, showing US warships fin the foreground firing on other ships in the far-right corner. Land is visible in the background. The text under the image reads &quot;Dewey's Famous Victory at Manila&quot; and lists the names of the US warships.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-23848\" data-id=\"23848\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0194_5.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0194_5.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0194_5-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0194_5-768x488.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Philadelphia Enquirer, Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World, 194-195 (1899)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"612\" height=\"800\" alt=\"Right-hand page from a printed book with a collage of sketches of the Spanish-American War. Clockwise from top left these show: wreaked vessels after a naval fight; a street scene with elegant houses two-story houses; US sailors on the deck of a warship by a large, mounted gun; a US sailor leaning against a smaller, mounted gun; US troops standing in an open landscape.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-23849\" data-id=\"23849\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0197.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0197.jpg 612w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0197-230x300.jpg 230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Philadelphia Enquirer, Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World, 197 (1899)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"651\" height=\"800\" alt=\"Left-hand page of a printed book with a collage of sketches of the Spanish-American War. These show images of soldiers in formation and at rest in camps; civilian refugees fleeing the fighting in covered wagons and congregating outside a building; US sailors on the decks and crows nest of ships.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-23850\" data-id=\"23850\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0208.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0208.jpg 651w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_pg_0208-244x300.jpg 244w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Philadelphia Enquirer, Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World, 208 (1899)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the <strong>third source, <\/strong>map publisher C.S. Hammond presents an illustrated collection of essays on what the editors refer to as <em>Our Colonial Empire<\/em>. Each essay covers one of seven US possessions. Color maps and black-and-white photos showcase the industries, agriculture, and folk life of the territories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"715\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-715x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of a printed book bound in blue-gray fabric. The title &quot;American Across the Seas&quot; is in a box held by an eagle perched on a shield emblazoned with the American flag. Around the title is a grid of the same small symbol repeated: a fasces (a bundle of sticks) with an axe sticking out of the top set within a laurel wreath.\" class=\"wp-image-24806\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-715x1024.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-768x1100.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-1072x1536.jpg 1072w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-1430x2048.jpg 1430w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-scaled.jpg 1787w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire<\/em>, cover (1909)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000002_tbc-694x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Table of contents of a printed book with chapters on the Philippines, Hawaii, Guam and the US Pacific islands, Panama and the Canal Zone, Puerto Rico (spelled &quot;Porto Rico&quot;), and Cuba.\" class=\"wp-image-24804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000002_tbc-694x1024.jpg 694w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000002_tbc-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000002_tbc-768x1133.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000002_tbc-1041x1536.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000002_tbc-1388x2048.jpg 1388w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000002_tbc-scaled.jpg 1735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire,<\/em> table of contents (1909)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>fourth source<\/strong>, a 1914 volume compiled by William D. Boyce, prominent newspaper man and Boy Scouts of America founder, conducts a similar tour, adding in Haiti and the Dominican Republic under \u201cOur Dependencies.\u201d A strident proponent of the US empire\u2019s \u201cmoral responsibility,\u201d Boyce took special time to inveigh against Filipino independence, where he warned that disaster would ensue if \u201cthe difficult task of self-government is placed in their childish hands.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWA08?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_01.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the world with &quot;The Original United States in 1776&quot; highlighted in red\" class=\"wp-image-23854\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_01-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_01-768x580.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWA08?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Boyce, <em>United States Colonies and Dependencies<\/em>, front endpaper (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWA08?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_02.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the world with &quot;The United States in 1914&quot; highlighted in red, including the continental US, Alaska, and many Pacific and Carribean colonies.\" class=\"wp-image-23855\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_02.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_02-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_02-768x561.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWA08?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Boyce, <em>United States Colonies and Dependencies<\/em>, back endpaper (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ask Students<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What lessons do these educational books attempt to teach schoolchildren about the place of the United States in the wider world?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What lessons do these books convey about the place of Pacific islanders in the context of the wider world? Are the lessons about Caribbean people distinct?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On what grounds do the authors of these texts present aspects of the empire as a source of hope and glory, as opposed to a cause for concern or caution?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What physical resources of these new territorial possessions do the authors believe are most important to educate Americans about? Why do you think the authors prioritized these resources?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do you think drove the choices of what to illustrate and how to style illustrations within the pages of these educational texts? Which images from these texts do you imagine schoolchildren found most engaging? Why do you think so?&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping the Greater United States<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this set of sources, we see the range of new United States maps produced at the turn of the twentieth century. In each one, mapmakers and publishers attempt new conceptual and aesthetic approaches to depicting the physical extent of the US empire. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the <strong>first source<\/strong>, we see prolific mapmaker Rufus Blanchard take a narrative approach to US territorial expansion for readers of the Chicago Daily News. Blanchard combines the most recent US acquisitions in the Arctic, Pacific, and Caribbean with a color-coded map of previous purchases, annexations, and cessions as part of a story of \u201cgrowth\u201d for the nation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW4XB?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"964\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-1024x964.jpg\" alt=\"Newspaper insert of a map depicting US territorial expansion as a series of simple treaty annexations. Below is text describing the treaties and purchases.\" class=\"wp-image-23911\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-1024x964.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-300x282.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-768x723.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-1536x1445.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW4XB?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rufus Blanchard, <em>The Chicago Daily News&#8217; Map Illustrating the Territorial Growth of the United States<\/em> (1898)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our <strong>second source <\/strong>takes a closer look at the Hammond maps in <em>America Across the Seas<\/em> (1909) which included detailed magnifications of each territory and cutaway diagrams of the Panama Canal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?BRPN=71&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hammond Maps in <em>America Across the Seas:<\/em> <em>Our Colonial Empire<\/em> (1909)<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\" style=\"--aspect-ratio:calc(1024 \/ 669)\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" alt=\"Color map of Alaksa with a detail of the Aleutian Islands\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-24822\" data-id=\"24822\" data-aspect-ratio=\"1024 \/ 669\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-1024x669.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-2048x1339.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hammond Map Co., America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire, map no. 1 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"675\" alt=\"Color map of Puerto Rico (spelled &quot;Porto Rico&quot;) with insets of the small islands to the east and west.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-24823\" data-id=\"24823\" data-aspect-ratio=\"1024 \/ 675\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_002-1024x675.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_002-1024x675.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_002-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_002-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_002-1536x1013.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_002-2048x1351.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hammond Map Co., America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire, map no. 2 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" alt=\"Two color maps. The one on top shows the Panama Canal Zone and the one below shows Cuba.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-23910\" data-id=\"23910\" data-aspect-ratio=\"1024 \/ 669\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_003-1024x669.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_003-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_003-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_003-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_003-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_003.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hammond Map Co., America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire, map no. 3 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"778\" alt=\"Two-page map of the Panama Canal with insets showing its profile and depth.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-24824\" data-id=\"24824\" data-aspect-ratio=\"1024 \/ 778\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_004_05-1024x778.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_004_05-1024x778.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_004_05-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_004_05-768x583.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_004_05-1536x1166.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_004_05-2048x1555.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hammond Map Co., America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire, maps no. 4-5 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"711\" alt=\"Color map of the Pacific Ocean labeled &quot;Our Islands in the Pacific Ocean&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-24690\" data-id=\"24690\" data-aspect-ratio=\"1024 \/ 711\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_006-1024x711.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_006-1024x711.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_006-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_006-768x534.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_006-1536x1067.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_006-2048x1423.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hammond Map Co., America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire, map no. 6 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" alt=\"Color map of the Hawaiian Islands with inset showing Kauai and Niihau.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-24825\" data-id=\"24825\" data-aspect-ratio=\"1024 \/ 669\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_007-1024x669.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_007-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_007-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_007-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_007-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_007-2048x1339.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hammond Map Co., America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire, map no. 7 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"707\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Color map of the Philippines with insets showing Manilla and the Batan Islands.\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-24826\" data-id=\"24826\" data-aspect-ratio=\"707 \/ 1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000004-707x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000004-707x1024.jpg 707w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000004-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000004-768x1112.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000004-1061x1536.jpg 1061w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000004-1414x2048.jpg 1414w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000004-scaled.jpg 1768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_caption gallery-caption\">Hammond Map Co., America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire, map no. 8 (1909)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the <strong>third source<\/strong>, we encounter an interactive tool of geographic pedagogy\u2013a 1914 Parker Brothers jigsaw map puzzle of the United States. Striking in this edition is the inclusion of overseas territories, with space made at the margins of the continental map for youngsters to plug in pieces for Alaska, Hawai\u02bbi, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines (none of which were states at the time). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RUW7U?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"603\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-1024x603.jpg\" alt=\"Partly disassembled puzzle with a map of the continental United States and Hawaii, Alakas, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as insets.\" class=\"wp-image-23912\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-1024x603.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-768x452.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-1536x904.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RUW7U?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Parker Brothers&#8217; United States Puzzle Map (1915)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the <strong>fourth source<\/strong>, we see what might be termed an \u201cofficial\u201d set of classroom maps: a volume of reduced-size reproductions of Denoyer-Geppert wall maps, widely used in American classrooms throughout the early twentieth century, and compiled as an atlas of American history by Harvard historian Albert Bushnell Hart. Of particular interest are the maps of \u201cThe United States in the Caribbean\u201d and the \u201cGreater United States.\u201d In the former, Hart and the Denoyer-Geppert mapmakers zoom in on the Caribbean basin to name, color, and date all of the US interventions and acquisitions between 1898 and 1918. The effect is striking, showing that at some point during that era, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Nicaragua, the Virgin Islands, and several guano islands were either territories or protectorates of the US. In the \u201cGreater United States\u201d map, the editors present a Hawai\u02bbi-centric projection of the nation, accentuating the global reach of the new empire, with the US connecting the Atlantic and Pacific through Panama. An inset on \u201cComparative Area of US and Possessions\u201d emphasizes the size of overseas territories by pasting them inside the silhouette of the continental US states.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW0CQ?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"706\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-1024x706.jpg\" alt=\"Color map of the Pacific and its surrounding land showing the continental United States and its Pacific territories.\" class=\"wp-image-23914\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-1024x706.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-768x530.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24-1536x1059.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a24.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW0CQ?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, <em>American History Atlas<\/em>, &#8220;Greater United States&#8221; (1924)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW0CQ?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"710\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-1024x710.jpg\" alt=\"Color map of the &quot;United States in the Caribbean&quot; showing US territories and protectorates in Panama, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.\" class=\"wp-image-23915\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-1024x710.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-768x533.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-1536x1065.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW0CQ?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, <em>American History Atlas<\/em>, &#8220;United States in the Caribbean&#8221; (1924)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ask Students<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do you imagine that each of the different formats of these maps (puzzles, books, wall maps, etc.) communicated differently to audiences at the time?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare the use of historical information (dates and stories) in the Blanchard and Denoyer-Geppert wall maps. What effect does this extra information add to the effect of the map? Is the effect of the \u201cgrowth\u201d map of Blanchard distinct from the \u201cevents and routes\u201d map of Denoyer-Geppert? How?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maps are always reflective of editorial choices by mapmakers. What details about the US\u2019 new territorial possessions has each mapmaker has chosen to emphasize? Which maps stand out to you as uniquely rich in information?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the Author<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nicholas Kryczka<\/strong>&nbsp;is a historian of urban education, a teacher educator, and an Assistant Professor of Secondary Education for Social Studies at National Louis University in Chicago. Nick was the research coordinator for&nbsp;<em>American Lesson Plan,<\/em>&nbsp;the American Historical Association\u2019s national study of K12 US history education. He has taught at Lake Forest College and at the University of Chicago, where he earned his PhD in history and worked as a postdoctoral teaching fellow. Before doctoral studies, Nick taught high school social studies for a decade in the Chicago Public Schools and has developed teacher programming and instructional resources for the Newberry Library and the Chicago Collections Consortium. Nick\u2019s work has been published in&nbsp;<em>The American Historical Review, History of Education Quarterly<\/em>, the&nbsp;<em>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society<\/em>, and&nbsp;<em>Oxford Bibliographies.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Promotion and Publicity <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In these texts leading politicians and journalists make public cases for and against American empire. US Senate candidate Albert J. Beveridge and Secretary of War and presidential hopeful William Howard Taft both argued that imperialism benefited both the US and colonial territories. Journalist Albert Robinson, who covered the Philippine-American War, was much more critical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW3E5?BRPN=3&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"519\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992322998805867_ord_h_0_093_pg_000047.jpg\" alt=\"Page of printed text of the beginning of speech about how &quot;glorious&quot; the US is and how it has a divine destiny.\" class=\"wp-image-23843\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992322998805867_ord_h_0_093_pg_000047.jpg 519w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992322998805867_ord_h_0_093_pg_000047-195x300.jpg 195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW3E5?BRPN=3&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Beveridge, &#8220;The March of the Flag,&#8221; in The Meaning of Time and Other Speeches, 47-57 (1908)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWFY5?BRPN=5&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"511\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/997159338805867_ayer_2120_t12_1907_000005.jpg\" alt=\"First page of the printed text of a speech arguing that it was noble of the US to fight the Spanish-American War on behalf of the people of the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.\" class=\"wp-image-23845\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/997159338805867_ayer_2120_t12_1907_000005.jpg 511w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/997159338805867_ayer_2120_t12_1907_000005-192x300.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWFY5?BRPN=5&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William H. Taft, &#8220;Some Recent Instances of National Altruism,&#8221; in <em>The National Geographic <\/em>Magazine, 429-438 (1907)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"Questions to consider:   How do promoters of US expansion into the Caribbean and Pacific like Beveridge and Taft fit these imperial ventures into the longer history of the nation?   What differences do you notice between Beveridge\u2019s account (given just as the US was acquiring the new territories in 1898) and Taft\u2019s account (given in 1907, after the US had been administering its holdings for several years, and after Cuba returned to self-government)?   What distinctions do you see between what government officials like Taft emphasize and the focus of war journalists like Robinson? What do they agree on?   Are there opinions and explanations of the US role in the wider world that feel familiar to things you might hear politicians or government officials say today? What ideas feel especially strange or distant to your 21st-century ears?   \" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"544\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/996419738805867_ayer_2114_r66_1901_pg_000299.jpg\" alt=\"Page of printed text arguing that &quot;benevolent assimilation&quot; has not worked for the US in the Philippines because the Filipinos do not understand that American rule is superior to Spanish rule.\" class=\"wp-image-23844\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/996419738805867_ayer_2114_r66_1901_pg_000299.jpg 544w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/996419738805867_ayer_2114_r66_1901_pg_000299-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"http:\/\/Questions to consider:   How do promoters of US expansion into the Caribbean and Pacific like Beveridge and Taft fit these imperial ventures into the longer history of the nation?   What differences do you notice between Beveridge\u2019s account (given just as the US was acquiring the new territories in 1898) and Taft\u2019s account (given in 1907, after the US had been administering its holdings for several years, and after Cuba returned to self-government)?   What distinctions do you see between what government officials like Taft emphasize and the focus of war journalists like Robinson? What do they agree on?   Are there opinions and explanations of the US role in the wider world that feel familiar to things you might hear politicians or government officials say today? What ideas feel especially strange or distant to your 21st-century ears?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Robinson, <em>The Philippines, The War and The People<\/em>, 299-313 (1901)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Virtual Tours of the New Empire<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this set of sources, authors of educational texts and schoolbooks describe the new American empire for learners. These volumes were less overtly political than the commentaries above, but they used similar nationalistic rhetoric and dynamic imagery to help American students identify with the mission, vision, and adventure of expansion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z8PH7VIZ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Page of printed text about US colonies, including illustrations of a village near Santiago, Santiago Harbor, and Havana Harbor.\" class=\"wp-image-24330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01-1200x1536.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/9911661125305867_ord_baskes_g127_f94_1903_supp_01.jpg 1563w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z8PH7VIZ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alex Everett Frye, <em>Frye&#8217;s Complete Geography<\/em>, Special Supplement (1903)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWKP4?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"659\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_fc.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of a book. Cover is red with black text reading &quot;Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World, 1899.&quot; &quot;Greater United States&quot; is in gold type in a decorative garland.\" class=\"wp-image-23846\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_fc.jpg 659w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998324328805867_ord_baskes_g1200_p53_1899_fc-247x300.jpg 247w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWKP4?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Philadelphia Enquirer, <em>Pictorial Atlas of the Greater United States and the World<\/em> (1899)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"715\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-715x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of a printed book bound in blue-gray fabric. The title &quot;American Across the Seas&quot; is in a box held by an eagle perched on a shield emblazoned with the American flag. Around the title is a grid of the same small symbol repeated: a fasces (a bundle of sticks) with an axe sticking out of the top set within a laurel wreath.\" class=\"wp-image-24806\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-715x1024.jpg 715w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-768x1100.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-1072x1536.jpg 1072w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-1430x2048.jpg 1430w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_pg_000001_fc-scaled.jpg 1787w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire<\/em> (1909)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWA08?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_01.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the world with &quot;The Original United States in 1776&quot; highlighted in red\" class=\"wp-image-23854\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_01-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_01-768x580.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWA08?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">William Boyce, <em>United States Colonies and Dependencies,<\/em> front endpaper (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWA08?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_02.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the world with &quot;The United States in 1914&quot; highlighted in red, including the continental US, Alaska, and many Pacific and Carribean colonies.\" class=\"wp-image-23855\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_02.jpg 800w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_02-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/992548058805867_ord_g_948_114_endpages_02-768x561.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWA08?BRPN=2&amp;WS=AssetManagement\">William Boyce, <em>United States Colonies and Dependencies,<\/em> back endpaper (1914)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mapping the Greater United States<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These sources demonstrate the range of new United States maps produced at the turn of the twentieth century. In each one, mapmakers and publishers attempt new conceptual and aesthetic approaches to depicting the physical extent of the US empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW4XB?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"964\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-1024x964.jpg\" alt=\"Newspaper insert of a map depicting US territorial expansion as a series of simple treaty annexations. Below is text describing the treaties and purchases.\" class=\"wp-image-23911\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-1024x964.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-300x282.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-768x723.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01-1536x1445.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998896658805867_map_4f_g3701_f35_1898_c5_01.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW4XB?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rufus Blanchard, <em>The Chicago Daily News&#8217; Map Illustrating the Territorial Growth of the United States<\/em> (1898)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RUW7U?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"603\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-1024x603.jpg\" alt=\"Partly disassembled puzzle with a map of the continental United States and Hawaii, Alakas, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as insets.\" class=\"wp-image-23912\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-1024x603.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-768x452.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002-1536x904.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9911454608805867_baskes_g_3701_a9_1915_p37_0002.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RUW7U?WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Parker Brothers&#8217; United States Puzzle Map (1915)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?BRPN=71&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-1024x669.jpg\" alt=\"Color map of Alaksa with a detail of the Aleutian Islands\" class=\"wp-image-24822\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_001-1-2048x1339.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RWJLK?BRPN=71&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hammond Map Co., <em>America Across the Seas: Our Colonial Empire<\/em>, maps (1909)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW0CQ?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"710\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-1024x710.jpg\" alt=\"Color map of the &quot;United States in the Caribbean&quot; showing US territories and protectorates in Panama, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.\" class=\"wp-image-23915\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-1024x710.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-768x533.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23-1536x1065.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/998043448805867_ord_baskes_g1201_s1_h35_1924_map_a23.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8Z82RW0CQ?BRPN=1&amp;WS=AssetManagement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, maps in <em>American History Atlas<\/em> (1924)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Further Reading<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">David Brody. <em>Visualizing American Empire: Orientalism and Imperialism in the Philippines<\/em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elizabeth M. Eittreim. <em>Teaching Empire: Native Americans, Filipinos, and US Imperial Education, 1879-1918<\/em>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2019.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Julian Go, <em>American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism<\/em>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kristin L. Hoganson. <em>Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars. <\/em>New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Richard H. Immerman. <em>Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz.<\/em> Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daniel Immerwahr. <em>How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States<\/em>. New York: Farrar, Strauss, &amp; Giroux, 2019.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Matthew Frye Jacobson. <em>Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876\u20131917<\/em>. New York: Hill &amp; Wang, 2000.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paul A. Kramer. <em>The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines<\/em>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paul A. Kramer. \u201cPower and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World,\u201d <em>American Historical Review<\/em> 116, no. 5 (2011): 1348\u201391.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">James G. Morgan. <em>Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism<\/em>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2014.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clif Stratton. <em>Education for Empire: American Schools, Race, and the Paths of Good Citizenship. <\/em>Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__nav-link\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title-wrapper\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__title\">Related Resources<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-tabs__tab-content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Newberry Resources<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22658\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"439\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/USImperialism_Thumbnail.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail of lesson &quot;US Imperialism in the Philippines&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-23448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/USImperialism_Thumbnail.png 439w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/USImperialism_Thumbnail-236x300.png 236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22658\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lesson: US Imperialism in the Philippines <br><\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=22658\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">by Janice Lobo Sapigao<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=17911\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"561\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Amy-Eleanor-Wingreen_Thumbnail.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for the lesson &quot;From the Letters of Amy Eleanor Wingreen&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-24810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Amy-Eleanor-Wingreen_Thumbnail.png 451w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Amy-Eleanor-Wingreen_Thumbnail-241x300.png 241w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=17911\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lesson: From the Letters of Amy Eleanor Wingreen <\/a><\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=17911\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">by Hilary Mac Austin and Kathleen Thompson<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=25158\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"461\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Kouhout_PhilippineAmericanWar_Thumbnail.png\" alt=\"Thumbnail for the essay and source set &quot;The Philippine American War&quot; by Dr. Amy Kohout\" class=\"wp-image-25291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Kouhout_PhilippineAmericanWar_Thumbnail.png 461w, https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Kouhout_PhilippineAmericanWar_Thumbnail-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 461px) 100vw, 461px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=25158\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Essay: The Philippine American <\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/?p=25158\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">War <br>by Dr. Amy Kohout<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24692,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"[]","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[83,84,164],"tags":[165,166],"class_list":["post-24684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19th-century","category-20th-century","category-collection-essays","tag-us-history","tag-world-history"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/991944718805867_ord_ayer_135_a48_1909_map_no_006-edited.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24684","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=24684"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24684\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25303,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24684\/revisions\/25303"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/24692"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=24684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=24684"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=24684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}